Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression model

Individual Factors

Child age

0–1 months

Ref

Ref

2–3 months

0.54 (0.493–0.593)***

0.509 (0.457–0.568)***

4–5 months

0.21 (0.190–0.232)***

0.175 (0.155–0.198)***

Birth weight (kg)

Underweight

Ref

Ref

Normal weight

1.18 (0.989–1.407)

0.995 (0.813–1.219)

Overweight

0.797 (0.666–0.953)*

0.801 (0.648–0.989)*

Child had fever

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.621 (0.554–0.696)***

0.804 (0.703–0.919)**

Child had diarrhoea

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.583 (0.514–0.661)***

0.798 (0.682–0.934)**

Religion

Christianity

Ref

Ref

Islam

0.633 (0.576–0.695)***

0.733 (0.635–0.847)***

Other

0.797 (0.571–1.112)

0.838 (0.570–1.233)

No religion

0.784 (0.617–0.997)*

0.633 (0.490–0.818)***

Maternal education

No education

Ref

Ref

Primary

1.242 (1.130–1.366)***

0.881 (0.773–1.003)

Secondary

1.015 (0.921–1.119)

0.849 (0.722–0.999)*

Higher

0.710 (0.584–0.863)**

0.693 (0.511–0.940)*

Maternal occupation

Not working

Ref

Ref

Professional

0.831 (0.668–1.035)

1.010 (0.774–1.317)

clerical

0.525 (0.319–0.866)*

0.657 (0.344–1.252)

Sales/business

0.926 (0.811–1.057)

1.020 (0.875–1.188)

Agriculture

1.418 (1.283–1.567)***

1.318 (1.162–1.494)***

Household/domestics services

0.926 (0.802–1.069)

1.087 (0.916–1.291)

Manual works

1.281 (1.041–1.577)*

1.184 (0.935–1.498)

Others (part-time jobs)

0.908 (0.746–1.106)

0.540 (0.399–0.730)***

Wealth index

poorest

Ref

Ref

poorer

1.070 (0.962–1.190)

1.060 (0.927–1.211)

middle

1.134 (1.017–1.264)*

1.413 (1.186–1.683)***

richer

1.059 (0.937–1.197)

1.537 (1.252–1.887)***

richest

0.827 (0.723–0.945)**

1.459 (1.122–1.897)**

Age of gestation at ANC registration

No ANC

Ref

Ref

< 4 months

1.463 (1.250–1.713)***

1.661 (1.070–2.579)*

4–5 months

1.591 (1.362–1.860)***

1.645 (1.059–2.555)*

6–7 months

1.508 (1.273–1.786)***

1.565 (0.995–2.462)

8 + months

1.691 (1.247–2.293)**

1.864 (1.069–3.251)*

Don’t know

0.554 (0.321–0.955)*

0.594 (0.278–1.271)

Frequency of listening to Radio

Not at all

Ref

Ref

atleast once a week

0.970 (0.862–1.092)

0.957 (0.815–1.124)

almost everytime

1.694 (1.320–2.173)***

3.469 (0.859–14.002)

Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine

Not at all

Ref

Ref

atleast once a week

1.494 (1.326–1.684)***

1.115 (1.003–1.238)*

almost everytime

1.378 (1.028–1.848)*

1.024 (0.704–1.490)

Frequency of watching television

Not at all

Ref

Ref

atleast once a week

0.637 (0.588–0.691)***

0.819 (0.723–0.927)**

almost everytime

1.159 (0.946–1.421)

1.007 (0.741–1.367)

Community Factors

Place of residence

Urban

Ref

Ref

Rural

1.524 (1.387–1.674)***

1.405 (1.200–1.646)***

Community level of education

Low

Ref

Ref

High

0.833 (0.757–0.918)***

1.087 (0.915–1.292)

Community level of poverty

Low

Ref

Ref

High

0.860 (0.794–0.932)***

0.807 (0.691–0.942)**

SSA sub-region

Central

Ref

Ref

East Africa

1.932 (1.671–2.233)***

2.590 (2.162–3.103)***

West Africa

2.861 (2.401–3.408)***

3.040 (2.481–3.726)***

South Africa

1.127 (0.976–1.301)

1.259 (1.046–1.516)*