Table 5 Mechanism analysis of expenditure and income

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Hospitals_it × Medicare_it

0.396^***

0.774^***

_

_

 × Income_it

(0.086)

(0.174)

Hospitals_it × Medicare_it

_

_

0.311^***

0.514^***

 × Expenditure_it

(0.095)

(0.188)

Hospitals_it

−0.010

−0.002

0.000

−0.001

(0.007)

(0.012)

(0.007)

(0.012)

Medicare_it

−0.009

−0.029^***

0.002

−0.016^*

(0.007)

(0.009)

(0.007)

(0.008)

Gender_it

0.043^***

0.033^***

0.043^***

0.030^***

(0.005)

(0.006)

(0.005)

(0.006)

Age_it

−0.011^***

−0.013^***

−0.010^***

−0.012^***

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Education_it

0.021^***

0.030^***

0.016^***

0.021^***

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

Reasons_it

−0.018^***

−0.014^***

−0.018^***

−0.015^***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

Marriage_it

0.073^***

0.085^***

0.050^***

0.051^***

(0.007)

(0.009)

(0.007)

(0.009)

Income_it

−0.008^*

0.021^***

_

_

(0.004)

(0.006)

Expenditure_it

_

_

0.045^***

0.090^***

(0.095)

(0.188)

Year fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

4.221^***

3.990^***

3.711^**

3.368^***

(0.044)

(0.071)

(0.044)

(0.058)

Observations

28,179

19,542

28,179

19,542

R-squared

0.092

0.133

0.095

0.144