Assessing family influence on adolescent healthy eating: insights from knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a cross-sectional survey in Hong Kong

Table 4 Adjusted effect of family factors on adolescent KAP (dimensions of PSDQ) (N = 207)

	Adolescent
	Knowledge		Attitudes		Practices
	Initial^a	Final^a	Initial^a	Final^a	Initial^a	Final^a
Parental KAP scores
Knowledge	0.26^**	0.29^***	0.04		−0.03
Attitudes	−0.06		0.14	0.21^***	−0.07
Practices	0.11		0.00		0.11
PSDQ Authoritative subscale scores
Connection Dimension	−0.14		−0.04		−0.09
Regulation Dimension	0.19		−0.08	−0.09	0.14^*	0.09^*
Autonomy Granting Dimension	−0.03		−0.03		−0.00
PSDQ Authoritarian subscale scores
Physical Coercion Dimension	0.12		−0.00		0.05
Verbal Hostility Dimension	−0.05		0.05		0.01
Non-Reasoning/Punitive Dimension	−0.03		0.02		0.01
PSDQ Permissive subscale scores	0.14	0.12	−0.08		−0.07
PAAEH score	0.13		0.10		0.05
FPP score	−0.07		0.08		0.10	0.14^**
Parental characteristics
Married	0.42		0.87		1.85
Senior secondary or above	1.59		0.89		−3.70^*	−3.68^*
Employed
Part-time	−3.95		−3.75	−3.52	4.66^*	4.29^*
Full-time	−4.47		0.84		1.06
With chronic disease	−3.22		2.90		−1.93
Household characteristics
Household income (≥ HK$20,000)	2.37		−2.55		0.67
Household size (≥ 4)	−3.11		−3.26	−2.90	0.44
R²	0.17	0.10	0.38	0.34	0.40	0.36

FPP Food Parenting Practice, PAAEH Parent Attitudes towards Adolescent Eating Habit, PSDQ Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire
^*p-value < 0.05; ^**p-value < 0.01; ^***p-value < 0.001 by multivariable linear regression
^aUnstandardized coefficients (B) of the multivariable regression models are shown. Dyad age, gender and adolescent KAP scale scores (excluding the construct being examined) were adjusted in the initial models; final models were selected by backward elimination until the p-values of all remaining variables were < 0.1

ISSN: 1471-2458