Table 1 Characteristics of outpatient visits with T2DM from 2014 to 2019

Gender, n (%)

 Male

1807 (33.92)

2092 (34.08)

2531 (37.78)

3531 (37.90)

4043 (38.24)

4109 (36.46)

43

(32.33)

65

(34.95)

110 (48.03)

86

(46.49)

86

(44.56)

277 (39.46)

 Female

2906 (54.54)

3608 (58.78)

4014 (59.91)

5783 (62.08)

6529 (61.75)

7135 (63.30)

64

(48.12)

86

(46.24)

109 (47.60)

98

(52.97)

105 (54.40)

425 (60.54)

 Missing

615 (11.54)

438 (7.14)

155 (2.31)

2 (0.02)

1 (0.01)

27 (0.24)

26 (19.55)

35 (18.82)

10 (4.37)

1 (0.54)

2 (1.04)

0 (0.00)

Age group, n (%)

 −17

10 (0.19)

12 (0.20)

8 (0.12)

14 (0.15)

14 (0.13)

18 (0.16)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

4 (2.16)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

 18–44

548

(10.29)

605

(9.86)

696

(10.39)

955

(10.25)

879

(8.31)

751

(6.66)

15

(11.28)

16

(8.60)

35

(15.28)

35

(18.92)

39

(20.21)

78

(11.11)

 45–59

1923 (36.09)

2231 (36.35)

2505 (37.39)

3648 (39.16)

4598 (43.49)

5098 (45.23)

52

(39.10)

58

(31.18)

88

(38.43)

80

(43.24)

88

(45.60)

338 (48.15)

 60–74

1925 (36.13)

2451 (39.93)

2775 (41.42)

3877 (41.62)

3968 (37.53)

4277 (37.95)

39

(29.32)

69

(37.10)

91

(39.74)

56

(30.27)

55

(28.50)

222 (31.62)

 75-

306

(5.74)

401

(6.53)

561

(8.37)

820

(8.80)

1108 (10.48)

1059

(9.40)

1

(0.75)

8

(4.30)

5

(2.18)

9

(4.86)

9

(4.66)

63

(8.97)

 Missing

616 (11.56)

438 (7.14)

155 (2.31)

2 (0.02)

6 (0.06)

68 (0.60)

26 (19.55)

35 (18.82)

10 (4.37)

1 (0.54)

2 (1.04)

1 (0.14)

Poverty or not, n (%)

 Yes

1120 (21.02)

1307 (21.29)

1602 (23.91)

2843 (30.52)

2723 (25.75)

2248 (19.94)

24

(18.05)

59

(31.72)

57

(24.89)

37

(20.00)

38

(19.69)

127 (18.09)

 NO

4208 (78.98)

4831 (78.71)

5098 (76.09)

6473 (69.48)

7850 (74.25)

9023 (80.06)

109 (81.95)

127 (68.28)

172 (75.11)

148 (80.00)

155 (80.31)

575 (81.91)

Medical costs per visit, mean±(SD)

43.95±27.55

49.36±34.34

48.02±34.12

55.63±45.62

59.08±52.43

50.66±53.05

113.45±93.39

98.01±75.64

107.43±76.75

107.95±83.10

92.54±56.63

86.7±82.73

Medication costs per visit, mean±(SD)

29.04±23.30

30.21±28.24

31.99±30.41

33.14±32.56

31.93±30.53

34.63±37.69

87.95±87.97

75.94±77.70

79.99±79.89

76.35±79.95

51.94±56.52

41.65±42.11

Examination and testing costs per visit, mean±(SD)

8.32±24.53

12.51±30.69

9.48±27.76

15.63±43.50

18.97±51.98

5.67±32.44

19.12±55.42

20.28±52.53

24.92±58.16

28.05±69.01

37.18±63.24

33.15±88.77

Proportion of insulin or combination therapy (%)

20.72

21.64

20.84

22.82

22.97

26.79

36.84

24.19

28.38

30.81

19.69

29.91

Average number of medications per visit (Types)

1.50±1.50

1.40±1.34

1.41±1.22

1.39±1.21

1.35±1.28

1.47±1.17

3.02±5.05

2.25±4.17

2.15±4.22

1.90±3.61

1.24±0.99

1.12±1.19

Ratio of outpatient to inpatient visits

4.87

4.47

4.07

3.36

1.86

1.24

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.07

0.05

0.11

Overall, n

5328

6138

6700

9316

10573

11271

133

186

229

185

193

702