Fig. 1

Interrupted time series analysis of healthcare service behavior in village clinics and township health centers, 2014-2019. Note: A Medical costs per visit (RMB), B Proportion of medication costs (%), C Proportion of examination and testing Proportion of examination and testing costs (%), D Proportion of insulin or combination therapy(%), E Average number of medications per visit (Types), F Ratio of outpatient to inpatient visits. Dots are the average or ratio of the observed monthly indicators, and solid line is the predicted value of the monthly indicators derived from the ordinary least squares regression with Newey-West standard errors. Baseline: from January 2014 to March 2015; Intervention stage: from April 2015 to December 2019. Across all models, rare monthly points fell outside the 95% prediction interval