Table 2 Risk of bias analysis
|  | 1. Research question or objective stated? | 2. Study population specified and defined? | 3. Participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? | 4. Were inclusion and exclusion criteria prespecified? | 5. Sample size tested, power, and effect estimates provided? | 6. Exposure of interest measured prior to the outcome? | 7. Timeframe sufficient to see possible association? | 8. Did the study examine different levels of exposure? | 9. Exposure measures clearly defined across study participants? | 10. Exposure assessed more than once over time? | 11. Where outcome measures clearly defined? | 12. Outcome assessors blinded to exposure status? | 13. Was loss of follow-up after baseline < 20%? | 14. Confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically? | Total Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aegerter at al. (2021) [23] | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | CD | CD | N | 9 |
Aladro-Gonzalvo et al. (2021) [24] | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 7 |
Argus et al. (2021) [25] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 8 |
De Oliveira Da Silva Scaranni et al. (2023) [26] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 8 |
Fukushima et al. (2021) [27] | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | CD | CD | N | 7 |
Gibbs et al. (2021) [28] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | CD | Y | N | 10 |
Howe et al. (2021) [29] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 8 |
Hallman et al. (2021) [30] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 7 |
Koohsari et al. (2021) [31] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | CD | Y | Y | 11 |
Limbers et al. (2020) [32] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | Y | 10 |
Lipert et al. (2021) [33] | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | CD | CD | N | 8 |
Widar et al. (2021) [34] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | CD | Y | N | 10 |