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Table 4 Association between WASH knowledge, attitudes, practices, and demographic factors

From: Assessing and comparing knowledge, attitude, and practices related to water, sanitation and hygiene among government and non-government school students in Gujarat: a mixed method study

Variable

Categories

Good Knowledge AOR(95% CI)

Good Attitudes AOR(95% CI)

Good Practices AOR(95% CI)

Age

≤ 10 years

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

> 10 years

2.1 (1.2–2.9)*

2.0 (1.0-3.8)*

1.5 (0.9–2.6)

Gender

Female

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

Male

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

Residence

Rural

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

Urban

1.6 (1.0-2.5)

1.8 (1.0-3.3)

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

Household Size

> 5 members

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

≤ 5 members

1.5 (0.9–2.3)

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

Father’s Education

No education

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

Primary

1.4 (0.8–2.5)

1.9 (1.0-3.8)*

1.1 (0.6–2.1)

 

Secondary+

3.1 (1.8–5.3)**

1.3 (0.7–2.5)

1.4 (0.8–2.5)

Mother’s Education

No education

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

Primary

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

1.8 (1.1-3.0)*

1.1 (0.6-2.0)

 

Secondary and above

2.6 (1.6–4.3)*

3.0 (1.7–5.2)**

1.8 (1.1-3.0)*

SES

Lower

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 

Upper

3.8 (2.2–6.7)**

7.6 (3.1–18.9)**

2.5 (1.5–4.3)**

  1. Notes: AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval Ref. = Reference category *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 Model fit statistics:
  2. • Knowledge model: Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 8.23, p = 0.411
  3. • Attitudes model: Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 7.89, p = 0.445
  4. • Practices model: Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 = 9.12, p = 0.332 Variance Inflation Factors for all variables ranged from 1.2 to 2.1, indicating no significant multicollinearity