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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to changes in BMI

From: Modification of risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality with changes in the body mass index: a prospective cohort study with 12 years follow up

Characteristics

Total (n = 90,258)

Body mass index change (kg/m2) n (%)†

P value

<−10%

<−5% to − 10%

−5% to + 5%

>+5% to < + 10%

≥+10%

(n = 1,525)

(n = 6,197)

(n = 63,233)

(n = 14,103)

(n = 5,200)

Clinical and demographic characteristics

       

Age, years

       

 Mean ± SD

42.0 ± 11.6

41.0 ± 12.4

43.4 ± 12.6

42.8 ± 11.6

39.9 ± 10.5

37.0 ± 9.4

< 0.001

 18–49

43,983 (48.7)

832 (54.6)

2785 (44.9)

28,788 (45.5)

7972 (56.5)

3606 (69.4)

< 0.001

 ≥50

46,275 (51.3)

693 (45.4)

3412 (55.1)

34,445 (54.5)

6131 (43.5)

1594 (30.7)

 

Birth cohort

       

 <1940

3201 (3.6)

70 (4.6)

289 (4.7)

2431 (3.8)

332 (2.4)

79 (1.5)

< 0.001

 1940–1949

7276 (8.1)

100 (6.6)

678 (10.9)

5642 (8.9)

706 (5.0)

150 (2.9)

 

 1950–1959

14,384 (15.9)

221 (14.5)

1160 (18.7)

11,056 (17.5)

1613 (11.4)

334 (6.4)

 

 1960–1969

29,072 (32.2)

426 (27.9)

1734 (28.0)

20,808 (32.9)

4709 (33.4)

1395 (26.8)

 

 1970–1979

31,187 (34.6)

559 (36.7)

1886 (30.4)

20,184 (31.9)

5845 (41.5)

2713 (52.2)

 

 ≥ 1980

5138 (5.7)

149 (9.8)

450 (7.3)

3112 (4.9)

898 (6.4)

529 (10.2)

 

Sex

       

 Female

44,394 (49.2)

908 (59.5)

3394 (54.8)

29,843 (47.2)

7310 (51.8)

2939 (56.5)

< 0.001

 Male

45,864 (50.8)

617 (40.5)

2803 (45.2)

33,390 (52.8)

6793 (48.2)

2261 (43.5)

 

BMI group (kg/m2) at the first health screening

       

 Normal (18.5–23.9)

51,457 (57.0)

583 (38.2)

3262 (52.6)

35,572 (56.3)

8670 (61.5)

3370 (64.8)

< 0.001

 Underweight (< 18.5)

8020 (8.9)

22 (1.4)

240 (3.9)

5140 (8.1)

1773 (12.6)

845 (16.3)

 

 Overweight (24–26.9)

20,545 (22.8)

445 (29.2)

1719 (27.7)

15,210 (24.1)

2497 (17.7)

674 (12.9)

 

 Obese (≥ 27)

10,236 (11.3)

475 (31.2)

976 (15.8)

7311 (11.6)

1163 (8.3)

311 (6.0)

 

BMI group (kg/m2) at the last health screening

       

 Normal (18.5–23.9)

50,339 (55.8)

943 (61.8)

3960 (63.9)

35,299 (55.8)

7667 (54.4)

2470 (47.5)

< 0.001

 Underweight (< 18.5)

6404 (7.1)

216 (14.2)

721 (11.6)

4782 (7.6)

579 (4.1)

106 (2.0)

 

 Overweight (24–26.9)

21,829 (24.2)

239 (15.7)

1074 (17.3)

15,443 (24.4)

3572 (25.3)

1501 (28.9)

 

 Obese (≥ 27)

11,686 (13.0)

127 (8.3)

442 (7.1)

7709 (12.2)

2285 (16.2)

1123 (21.6)

 

Level of education

       

 Junior high school or less

10,904 (12.1)

199 (13.1)

974 (15.7)

8204 (13.0)

1237 (8.8)

290 (5.6)

< 0.001

 Senior high school

38,920 (43.1)

677 (44.4)

2579 (41.6)

27,007 (42.7)

6255 (44.4)

2402 (46.2)

 

 University or higher

40,434 (44.8)

649 (42.6)

2644 (42.7)

28,022 (44.3)

6611 (46.9)

2508 (48.2)

 

Marital status

       

 Never married

19,535 (21.6)

425 (27.9)

1350 (21.8)

12,725 (20.1)

3492 (24.8)

1543 (29.7)

< 0.001

 Married/cohabiting

65,266 (72.3)

983 (64.5)

4366 (70.5)

46,661 (73.8)

9834 (69.7)

3422 (65.8)

 

 Other†

5457 (6.1)

117 (7.7)

481 (7.8)

3847 (6.1)

777 (5.5)

235 (4.5)

 

Smoking status

       

 Never

65,234 (72.3)

1133 (74.3)

4652 (75.1)

45,482 (71.9)

10,209 (72.4)

3758 (72.3)

< 0.001

 Current

20,411 (22.6)

326 (21.4)

1284 (20.7)

14,546 (23.0)

3139 (22.3)

1116 (21.5)

 

 Former

4613 (5.1)

66 (4.3)

261 (4.2)

3205 (5.1)

755 (5.4)

326 (6.3)

 

Alcohol consumption

       

 None/Occasional

75,324 (83.5)

1326 (87.0)

5304 (85.6)

52,369 (82.8)

11,867 (84.2)

4458 (85.7)

< 0.001

 ≥ 1/week

13,184 (14.6)

154 (10.1)

713 (11.5)

9652 (15.3)

2012 (14.3)

653 (12.6)

 

 Former

1750 (1.9)

45 (3.0)

180 (2.9)

1212 (1.9)

224 (1.6)

89 (1.7)

 

Fruit and Vegetable intake

       

 < 3 serves/day

27,745 (30.7)

442 (29.0)

1812 (29.2)

18,865 (29.8)

4690 (33.3)

1936 (37.2)

< 0.001

 3–4 serves/day

49,734 (55.1)

821 (53.8)

3342 (53.9)

35,381 (56.0)

7544 (53.5)

2646 (50.9)

 

 ≥ 5 serves/day

12,779 (14.2)

262 (17.2)

1043 (16.8)

8987 (14.2)

1869 (13.3)

618 (11.9)

 

Baseline LTPA (MET-h/week)

       

 < 1

4758 (5.3)

91 (6.0)

295 (4.8)

3515 (5.6)

661 (4.7)

196 (3.8)

< 0.001

 1-7.49

56,069 (62.1)

855 (56.1)

3540 (57.1)

38,101 (60.3)

9651 (68.4)

3922 (75.4)

 

 7.5-14.99

13,887 (15.4)

233 (15.3)

1043 (16.8)

10,159 (16.1)

1885 (13.4)

567 (10.9)

 

 ≥ 15

15,544 (17.2)

346 (22.7)

1319 (21.3)

11,458 (18.1)

1906 (13.5)

515 (9.9)

 

Intensity of occupational PA

       

 Light

60,828 (67.4)

1042 (68.3)

4091 (66.0)

42,354 (67.0)

9716 (68.9)

3625 (69.7)

< 0.001

 Moderate

22,094 (24.5)

360 (23.6)

1601 (25.8)

15,552 (24.6)

3350 (23.8)

1231 (23.7)

 

 Heavy

7336 (8.1)

123 (8.1)

505 (8.2)

5327 (8.4)

1037 (7.4)

344 (6.6)

 

Charlson comorbidity index

       

 0

17,286 (19.2)

284 (18.6)

1075 (17.4)

11,875 (18.8)

2907 (20.6)

1145 (22.0)

< 0.001

 1

22,532 (25.0)

382 (25.1)

1484 (24.0)

15,445 (24.4)

3753 (26.6)

1468 (28.2)

 

 ≥2

50,440 (55.9)

859 (56.3)

3638 (58.7)

35,913 (56.8)

7443 (52.8)

2587 (49.8)

 

All-cause mortality

2084 (2.3)

57 (3.7)

206 (3.3)

1517 (2.4)

220 (1.6)

84 (1.6)

< 0.001

CVD-related mortality

391 (0.4)

12 (0.8)

37 (0.6)

282 (0.5)

44 (0.3)

16 (0.3)

0.004

Follow-up years, mean (SD)

12.1 ± 1.6

12.0 ± 1.9

12.0 ± 1.7

12.2 ± 1.7

12.0 ± 1.4

12.0 ± 1.3

< 0.001

  1. BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; LTPA, leisure time physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PA, physical activity; CVD, cardiovascular disease; †Unless stated otherwise
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