Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author (year) | Country | Study design | N (% female) | Age, mean (SD) | Recruitment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bantoft et al. (2016) [31] | Australia | Counterbalanced RCT | 45 students (71.1) | 22.7 (6.3) | University, NR |
Benzo et al. (2016) [26] | United States | Cross-sectional | 993 students (69.7); 149 instructors (57.1) | 20.4 (4.1); 43.1 (13.7) | By email, university |
Butler et al. (2018) [32] | United States | Cross-over RCT | 21 students (38.1) | 22.7 (6.4) | Poster advertisement and word-of-mouth |
Chim et al. (2021) [35] | The Netherlands | Parallel RCT | 96 students (53.0) | 19.9 (1.4) | Convenience sample of first year students |
Chrisman et al. (2020) [42] | United States | Pre-post trial | 22 students (73.0) | 25.3 (6.2) | Flyers on campus and word of mouth |
Chrisman et al. (2021) [30] | United States | Parallel RCT | 48 students (90.0); IG: 21; CG: 27 | 21.5 (4.9) | Flyers and posters on the campus |
Finch et al. (2017) [36] | United States | Counterbalanced RCT | 96 students (80.2) | 20.9 (3.0) | Convenience sample from psychology university |
Frost & Terbizan (2018) [34] | United States | Parallel RCT | 23 students (NR); IG: 14; CG: 9 | IG: 21.2 (3.5); CG: 23.8 (6.6) | Two classes of a university |
Frost & Terbizan (2020) [33] | United States | Parallel RCT | 23 students (NR); IG: 14; CG: 9 | IG: 23.8 (6.6); CG: 21.2 (3.5) | Two classes of a university |
Goodrich et al. (2020) [29] | United States | Cross-sectional and qualitative | 210 students (NR) | NR | Purposive sampling at business school |
Green et al. (2020) [37] | United States | Quasi-experimental crossover | 88 students (54.5) | 21.6 (6.6) | Purposive sampling of a classroom |
Grosprêtre et al. (2021) [27] | France | Pre-post trial | 663 students (37.1); 14 instructors (75.0) | 18.7 (1.6); NR | Purposive sample of one classroom |
Jerome et al. (2017) [38] | United States | Quasi-experimental crossover | 304 students (73.9) | 20.1 (1.3) | Purposive sample of two classrooms |
Moulin et al. (2022) [39] | Canada | Pre-post trial and qualitative | Study 1: 25 students (95.0) Study 2: 28 students (82.0) | NR | Email and social networks in university |
Raulli (2017) [40] | United States | Pre-post trial | 50 students (58.0) | 21.3 (2.6) | Purposive sample of a university course |
Rostami et al. (2022) [41] | Iran | Quasi-experimental crossover | 40 students (50.0) | 25.0 (1.6) | Random sampling |
Sengupta & Kuilan (2023) [28] | United States | Cross-sectional | 178 students (33.0) | 22.4 (4.7) | Random sampling by email |