Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants who, in 2020, were vaccine hesitant or pro-vaccine and, in 2021, were vaccinated or unvaccinated. [CI = Confidence Intervals]

48.4

51.6

86

14

Individual Factors

Risk Perception

Susceptibility (%)

0.346

0.051

Unlikely (49%)

67.5 [53.5–81.4]

58.5 [46.6–70.4]

39.4 [32.4–46.3]

60.9 [40.7–81.0]

Likely (51%)

32.5 [18.6–46.4]

41.5 [29.5–53.4]

60.6 [53.7–67.6]

39.1 [18.9–59.2]

Severity (%)

0.008

0.022

Not very serious (68%)

88.6 [82.8–94.3]

74 [64.5–83.5]

59.8 [52.6–66.9]

78 [66–90]

Serious (32%)

11.4 [5.7–17.2]

26 [16.5–35.5]

40.2 [33.1–47.4]

22 [10–34]

Vaccine Acceptance (%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Low (50.3%)

97 [94–100]

54.4 [42-66.8]

31 [24-37.9]

80.6 [62.2–99.1]

High (49.7%)

3 [0–6]

45.6 [33.2–58]

69 [62.1–76]

19.4 [0.9–37.8]

Information

Attention to COVID-19 Vaccine News (%)

0.004

0.026

Low (45.3%)

80.2 [70.6–89.8]

57.1 [45.3–69]

31.2 [24.3–38.1]

54 [34.3–73.7]

High (54.7%)

19.8 [10.2–29.4]

42.9 [31-54.7]

68.8 [61.9–75.7]

46 [26.3–65.7]

COVID-19 Misinformation score (%)

< 0.001

0.135

Low (52.4%)

82.3 [73.4–91.3]

45.8 [33.7–58]

62.5 [55.4–69.6]

46.5 [26.3–66.7]

High (47.6%)

17.7 [8.7–26.6]

54.2 [42-66.3]

37.5 [30.4–44.6]

53.5 [33.3–73.7]

Ideology

Political Party Identification (%)

0.223

0.347

Independent (31.6%)

35.7 [20.7–50.7]

27.9 [16.9–38.8]

31 [24.1–37.8]

28.1 [8.2–48]

Republican (28.3%)

41 [27-54.9]

33.6 [21.3–46]

22.7 [16.7–28.6]

37 [15.9–58.1]

Democrat (40.1%)

23.3 [13.2–33.4]

38.5 [27–50]

46.4 [39-53.7]

34.8 [14.4–55.3]

Confidence In Scientists (%)

0.008

< 0.001

Hardly any (5.4%)

13.9 [5.3–22.5]

4.7 [0.4–9.1]

2 [0.3–3.8]

9.1 [0.9–17.3]

Only some (36.9%)

63.8 [50.4–77.2]

47 [34.9–59.1]

23.9 [18.3–29.5]

54.8 [34.6–75]

A great deal (57.8%)

22.3 [9.7–35]

48.2 [36-60.5]

74.1 [68.3–79.9]

36.1 [16.1–56]

Healthcare Access

Health Insurance (%)

0.706

< 0.001

No (10.9%)

12.3 [5.3–19.3]

14.6 [4.4–24.8]

5.3 [2.8–7.8]

33.1 [13.7–52.6]

Yes (89.1%)

87.7 [80.7–94.7]

85.4 [75.2–95.6]

94.7 [92.2–97.2]

66.9 [47.4–86.3]

Social Factors

Age (%)

0.114

0.027

18–29 years (19.6%)

22.3 [9.4–35.1]

9 [1.9–16.1]

17.4 [10.4–24.4]

41.8 [20.3–63.3]

30–44 years (25.5%)

31 [19.2–42.8]

36.1 [24-48.3]

21.7 [15.8–27.6]

14.3 [5-23.7]

45–59 years (25.1%)

26.8 [15.3–38.3]

21.8 [12.7–30.8]

27.7 [21.3–34.1]

20.9 [8.2–33.6]

60 + years (29.8%)

20 [9.7–30.3]

33.2 [22.2–44.1]

33.2 [27.2–39.2]

22.9 [7.6–38.2]

Gender (%)

0.015

0.335

Male (48.8%)

59.5 [46.6–72.4]

37.7 [26.4–49]

50.1 [42.9–57.3]

39.5 [19.6–59.4]

Female (51.2%)

40.5 [27.6–53.4]

62.3 [51-73.6]

49.9 [42.7–57.1]

60.5 [40.6–80.4]

Income (%)

0.878

0.004

<$10,000 (3.9%)

5.4 [1.8-9]

3.6 [1-6.1]

3.1 [1.1-5]

6.5 [1.1–11.9]

$10,000 to <$25,000 (9.9%)

15.7 [5.9–25.5]

13.8 [5.7–22]

7.3 [3.3–11.3]

11.2 [0.1–22.4]

$25,000 to <$50,000 (17.8%)

14.9 [6.2–23.5]

18.3 [9.6–27]

17.3 [11.6–23]

17.9 [6.3–29.5]

$50,000 to <$75,000 (17.6%)

16.2 [7-25.5]

23.3 [13.3–33.3]

18.6 [13.1–24]

8.9 [1.4–16.4]

$75,000 to <$100,000 (13.6%)

14 [4.9–23.1]

15.5 [5.7–25.3]

10.2 [6.3–14.1]

36.1 [15.4–56.8]

$100,000 to <$150,000 (17.2%)

16.3 [6.9–25.7]

13.3 [5.5–21.2]

18 [12.7–23.3]

15.1 [2.1–28.1]

>$150,000 (19.9%)

17.5 [4.8–30.2]

12.1 [3.4–20.9]

25.5 [19.1–32]

4.3 [2.6–11.2]

Education Level (%)

0.019

0.001

Less than high school (10.6%)

8.7 [2.9–14.4]

14.6 [7.1–22.1]

9.2 [5-13.5]

14.1 [2.3–26]

High school (28.3%)

35 [22.9–47.1]

32.3 [21.3–43.3]

20.2 [15-25.5]

52.3 [32.4–72.1]

Some college (27.8%)

46.7 [33-60.3]

26.9 [16.8–36.9]

25 [18.7–31.3]

21.1 [5.6–36.6]

Bachelor’s degree or higher (33.3%)

9.7 [2.4–16.9]

26.2 [14.2–38.2]

45.6 [38.4–52.8]

12.5 [0.4–24.6]

Race/Ethnicity (%)

0.533

0.566

White, Non-Hispanic (62.5%)

55.5 [42.5–68.5]

45.2 [33.2–57.3]

69 [62.8–75.1]

57.5 [38.7–76.2]

Black, Non-Hispanic (12.0%)

20.7 [12.1–29.3]

20.2 [12.5–27.9]

8.1 [5.9–10.3]

9.3 [2.1–16.5]

Hispanic (16.7%)

14.5 [6.7–22.4]

24.6 [15.2–33.9]

14.6 [10.8–18.4]

21.2 [8.8–33.7]

Other, Non-Hispanic (8.7%]

9.2 [0.1–18.3]

10 [0.5–20.5]

8.4 [3.4–13.3]

12 [1.7–22.3]

Employment Status (%)

0.191

0.717

Working (61.2%)

67.9 [55.2–80.6]

69.2 [59-79.4]

56 [48.7–63.2]

67.7 [49.7–85.7]

Laid-off/Furloughed (5.4%)

7.5 [2-12.9]

2.5 [0.2–4.8]

5.7 [1.8–9.6]

5.4 [0.7–10.1]

Retired (23.8%)

12.9 [3.7–22.1]

22.3 [13.2–31.4]

28.3 [22.4–34.2]

18.8 [3.2–34.3]

Homemaker (7.3%)

10.9 [1.7–20]

4.6 [1.2-8]

7.7 [3.5–11.9]

5.5 [0.4–10.7]

Full-time student (2.3%)

0.8 [0.1–1.5]

1.4 [0.3–2.5]

2.3 [1-5.6]

2.6 [0.3–4.9]