Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to DCBA exposure
Variables | Total participants | log10-transformed DCBA, ng/mL | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (≤ −0.176) | Q2 (−0.176 ~ 0.303) | Q3 (0.303 ~ 0.862) | Q4 (≥ 0.862) | |||
Count | 7991 | 1995 | 1998 | 2000 | 1998 | Â |
Age, years | 49.00 (34.00,64.00) | 54.00 (39.00,66.00) | 49.00 (34.00,64.00) | 47.00 (33.00,63.00) | 47.00 (34.00,62.00) |  < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 4082 (51.08) | 1113 (55.79) | 1064 (53.25) | 982 (49.10) | 923 (46.20) |  |
 Male | 3909 (48.92) | 882 (44.21) | 934 (46.75) | 1018 (50.90) | 1075 (53.80) |  |
Race, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 1214 (15.19) | 336 (16.84) | 270 (13.51) | 292 (14.60) | 316 (15.82) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 3425 (42.86) | 852 (42.71) | 843 (42.19) | 827 (41.35) | 903 (45.20) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 1673 (20.94) | 262 (13.13) | 470 (23.52) | 489 (24.45) | 452 (22.62) |  |
 Other Race | 1679 (21.01) | 545 (27.32) | 415 (20.77) | 392 (19.60) | 327 (16.37) |  |
Education level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 High school or below | 3721 (46.56) | 882 (44.21) | 919 (46.00) | 928 (46.40) | 992 (49.65) |  |
 Above high school | 4270 (53.44) | 1113 (55.79) | 1079 (54.00) | 1072 (53.60) | 1006 (50.35) |  |
poverty,n(%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 6343 (79.38) | 1653 (82.86) | 1578 (78.98) | 1541 (77.05) | 1571 (78.63) |  |
 Yes | 1648 (20.62) | 342 (17.14) | 420 (21.02) | 459 (22.95) | 427 (21.37) |  |
Marital status, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Married/living with partner | 4704 (58.87) | 1185 (59.40) | 1146 (57.36) | 1115 (55.75) | 1258 (62.96) |  |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 1769 (22.14) | 484 (24.26) | 451 (22.57) | 467 (23.35) | 367 (18.37) |  |
 Never married | 1518 (19.00) | 326 (16.34) | 401 (20.07) | 418 (20.90) | 373 (18.67) |  |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.17 (24.36,32.60) | 27.20 (23.90,31.60) | 28.20 (24.30,32.52) | 28.60 (24.70,33.10) | 28.81 (24.70,33.30) |  < 0.001 |
WC, cm | 98.30 (87.90,109.10) | 96.40 (86.60,107.00) | 98.00 (87.60,109.10) | 99.10 (88.80,109.60) | 99.90 (88.90,111.00) |  < 0.001 |
Smoke, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Never | 4418 (55.29) | 1179 (59.10) | 1147 (57.41) | 1100 (55.00) | 992 (49.65) |  |
 Current | 1685 (21.09) | 331 (16.59) | 390 (19.52) | 454 (22.70) | 510 (25.53) |  |
 Quit | 1888 (23.63) | 485 (24.31) | 461 (23.07) | 446 (22.30) | 496 (24.82) |  |
Drink,n(%) |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 2279 (28.52) | 650 (32.58) | 58 5(29.28) | 567 (28.35) | 477 (23.87) |  |
 Yes | 5712 (71.48) | 1345 (67.42) | 1413 (70.72) | 1433 (71.65) | 1521 (76.13) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.427 |
 No | 6682 (83.62) | 1660 (83.21) | 1653 (82.73) | 1690 (84.50) | 1679 (84.03) |  |
 Yes | 1309 (16.38) | 335 (16.79) | 345 (17.27) | 310 (15.50) | 319 (15.97) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.373 |
 No | 4581 (57.33) | 1113 (55.79) | 1143 (57.21) | 1167 (58.35) | 1158 (57.96) |  |
 Yes | 3410 (42.67) | 882 (44.21) | 855 (42.79) | 833 (41.65) | 840 (42.04) |  |
CVD, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.573 |
 No | 7141 (89.36) | 1775 (88.97) | 1775 (88.84) | 1801 (90.05) | 1790 (89.59) |  |
 Yes | 850 (10.64) | 220 (11.03) | 223 (11.16) | 199 (9.95) | 208 (10.41) |  |
Sleep, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.471 |
 No | 5939 (74.32) | 1503 (75.34) | 1494 (74.77) | 1476 (73.80) | 1466 (73.37) |  |
 Yes | 2052 (25.68) | 492 (24.66) | 504 (25.23) | 524 (26.20) | 532 (26.63) |  |
Depression, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.017 |
 No | 7258 (90.83) | 1842 (92.33) | 1823 (91.24) | 1798 (89.90) | 1795 (89.84) |  |
 Yes | 733 (9.17) | 153 (7.67) | 175 (8.76) | 202 (10.10) | 203 (10.16) |  |
ALB, g/L | 43.00 (40.97,45.00) | 43.00 (41.00,45.00) | 42.00 (40.00,45.00) | 43.00 (40.00,45.00) | 43.00 (41.00,45.00) |  < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 21.00 (16.00,28.00) | 21.00 (16.00,27.00) | 20.00 (16.00,27.00) | 21.00 (16.00,28.00) | 21.00 (17.00,29.00) |  < 0.001 |
SCR, mg/dL | 0.85 (0.72,1.00) | 0.82 (0.69,0.97) | 0.84 (0.72,1.00) | 0.86 (0.72,1.02) | 0.88 (0.73,1.02) |  < 0.001 |
SUA, µmol/L | 321.20 (261.70,374.70) | 309.30 (255.80,362.80) | 315.20 (261.70,374.70) | 321.91 (267.70,374.70) | 333.10 (273.60,392.60) |  < 0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.94 (4.27,5.64) | 5.00 (4.34,5.69) | 4.91 (4.27,5.59) | 4.89 (4.22,5.61) | 4.96 (4.27,5.64) | 0.008 |