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Fig. 4 | BMC Public Health

Fig. 4

From: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome modifies smoking-related risk for cardiovascular diseases: findings from an observational cohort study in UK Biobank

Fig. 4

Incident CVD risk by years of smoking before quitting stratified by CKM syndrome stages. Restricted cubic splines with five knots were employed to capture potential nonlinear associations with the log hazard of CVD. Models in the overall population were adjusted for age, sex, employment status, income levels, education, physical activity, diet, healthy sleep score, alcohol consumption, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, the use of antihypertensive and statin/cholesterol lowering medication. Models in subgroups were adjusted for the same covariates, excluding diabetes and medication use. Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKM, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic

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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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