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Table 4 Multinomial logistic regression models accessing the association between type of contraception uptake and pregnancy outcomes among young married women (reference category: live birth), India, NFHS, 2019-21 (31,577)

From: Effect of contraception uptake on pregnancy outcomes among young women: evidence from the Indian demographic health surveys

Variables

Categories

Abortion

Miscarriage

Stillbirth

n = 43,137

n = 31,577

n = 43,137

n = 31,577

n = 43,137

n = 31,577

UOR (95% CI)

Std. Err.

AOR (95% CI)

Std. Err.

UOR (95% CI)

 

AOR (95% CI)

Std. Err.

UOR (95% CI)

Std. Err.

AOR (95% CI)

Std. Err.

Type of contraception uptake

No contraception®

            
 

SARCs

0.69 (0.54–0.61)***

0.07

0.74 (0.55–0.67)***

0.15

0.41 (0.37–0.45)***

0.11

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

0.07

0.29 (0.21–0.40)***

0.05

0.69 (0.42–1.15)

0.18

 

LARCs

0.48 (0.33–0.70)***

0.09

0.57 (0.37–0.87)***

0.12

0.10 (0.07–0.15)***

0.09

0.27 (0.17–0.44)***

0.06

0.16 (0.06–0.41)***

0.07

0.18 (0.03–0.10)**

0.17

 

PMs

0.30 (0.22–0.41)

0.04

0.36 (0.25–0.52)

0.07

0.08 (0.06–0.11)**

0.07

0.44 (0.32–0.62)

0.07

0.12 (0.06–0.24)*

0.04

0.32 (0.09–1.10)

0.31

Maternal age (years)

15–19®

            
 

20–24

0.99 (0.81–1.20)

0.09

1.68 (1.19–2.36)***

0.29

0.48 (0.44–0.52)***

0.02

2.22 (1.66–2.99)***

0.33

0.58 (0.44–0.76)***

0.08

2.59 (0.95–7.10) **

1.33

Body mass index (kg/m2)

Thin (< 18.5) ®

            
 

Normal (18.5–24.9)

0.87 (0.72–0.93)**

0.08

0.96 (0.79–1.17)*

0.09

1.11 (1.02–1.22)**

0.05

1.07 (0.91–1.25)**

0.08

1.20 (0.89–1.62)**

0.18

1.15 (1.01–3.40)*

0.57

 

Overweight & Obese (≥ 25.0)

1.35 (1.10–1.65) ***

0.13

1.16 (0.79–1.03)***

0.14

1.29 (1.14–1.46)***

0.08

1.38 (1.09–1.73)***

0.16

1.69 (1.15–2.47)***

0.32

2.50 (1.11–5.62)**

1.03

Height

< 145 cm®

            
 

≥ 145 cm

1.17 (0.97–1.40)**

0.10

1.02 (0.80–1.32)

0.13

1.12 (1.01–1.24)**

0.06

1.11 (0.90–1.37)**

0.12

0.67 (0.52–0.87)***

0.09

0.49 (0.35–0.55)***

0.42

Haemoglobin level

Non-anaemic®

            
 

Anaemic (10.0–12.0 g/dl)

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

0.06

1.35 (1.14–1.60)***

0.13

0.86 (0.8–0.92)***

0.02

1.30 (1.13–1.50)***

0.09

0.97 (0.79–1.19)

0.10

0.85 (0.54–1.33)

0.19

Number of ANC visits

< 4 times®

            
 

≥ 4 times

1.40 (1.22–1.61)***

0.08

1.32 (1.11–1.58)***

0.12

0.88 (0.79–0.97)**

0.05

0.89 (0.77–1.02)**

0.06

0.61 (0.43–0.87)***

0.11

0.73 (0.46–1.17)

0.17

Place of delivery

Home®

            
 

Institution

1.11 (0.87–1.43)**

0.14

0.92 (0.65–1.28)*

0.15

0.88 (0.74–1.05)

0.07

0.83 (0.65–1.07)

0.10

0.63 (0.37–1.07)*

0.17

0.67 (0.33–1.37)*

0.24

Mode of delivery

Normal®

            
 

C-section

1.27 (1.09–1.48)***

0.09

1.10 (0.91–1.33)**

0.10

0.84 (0.74–0.96)**

0.05

0.77 (0.65–0.93)***

0.07

1.19 (0.79–1.79)

0.14

1.47 (0.87–2.51)

0.40

Parity

1®

            
 

2

1.15 (0.45–0.73)**

0.11

0.96 (0.80–1.17)

0.09

0.88 (0.57–0.91)***

0.05

0.57 (0.48–0.68)***

0.05

0.78 (0.79–1.12)**

0.08

0.52 (0.3–0.92)**

0.15

 

≥ 3

0.86 (0.80–0.95)*

0.09

1.25 (0.91–1.73)

0.20

0.58 (0.70–0.85)***

0.04

0.34 (0.24–0.48)***

0.04

0.56 (0.30–0.95)

0.07

0.45 (0.17–1.23)

0.23

Desire for more children

Want soon

            
 

Want later

1.56 (1.23–1.97)***

0.19

1.49 (1.22–1.66)***

1.07

1.00 (0.81–1.24)*

0.11

1.10 (0.39–1.19)

0.57

1.17 (0.88–1.34)**

0.41

1.02 (0.93–1.12)*

0.10

 

Want no more

1.83 (1.20–2.77)***

0.38

1.74 (1.30–1.96)**

1.10

0.66 (0.39–1.11)

0.17

0.58 (0.16–0.83)

0.62

0.88 (0.71–0.97)

0.05

0.73 (0.65–0.86)

0.08

Pregnancy intentions

Wanted

            
 

Mistimed

1.50 (1.20–1.89)*

0.17

0.91 (0.85–1.14)*

0.51

0.98 (0.79–1.21)*

0.10

0.83 (0.81–1.18)

0.54

1.17 (0.96–1.28)**

0.39

1.45 (0.89–1.59)**

0.07

 

Unwanted

1.44 (1.32–1.71)***

0.36

1.28 (1.11–1.54)**

0.95

1.25 (1.07–1.33)**

0.16

1.16 (1.07–1.31)**

0.86

0.72 (0.51–0.74)

0.07

0.92 (0.73–1.10)

0.03

Distance to health facility

No problem®

            
 

Minor & Big problem

0.82 (0.73–0.92)***

0.05

1.17 (0.99–1.38)*

0.10

0.88 (0.82–0.94)***

0.04

0.81 (0.71–0.93)***

0.05

1.16 (0.94–1.43)

0.12

0.7 (0.45–1.10)

0.16

Place of residence

Urban®

            
 

Rural

0.69 (0.61–0.79)***

0.04

0.67 (0.55–0.81)***

0.06

0.85 (0.79–0.92)***

0.03

0.86 (0.73–1.03)**

0.07

1.39 (1.07–1.82)

0.18

0.71 (0.39–1.29)

0.21

Level of education

Illiterate®

            
 

Primary

1.80 (1.34–2.41)***

0.26

1.80 (1.19–2.72)***

0.38

1.12 (0.97–1.28)

0.06

1.07 (0.82–1.41)

0.14

0.50 (0.33–0.76)***

0.11

0.11 (0.02–0.64)**

0.09

 

Secondary

2.43 (1.92–3.07)***

0.28

1.75 (1.23–2.49)***

0.32

1.14 (1.03–1.26)**

0.07

0.95 (0.77–1.18)

0.10

0.69 (0.53–0.89)***

0.09

0.77 (0.43–1.38)**

0.22

 

Higher

2.60 (1.98–3.42)***

0.37

1.21 (0.79–1.86)

0.26

1.33 (1.16–1.51)***

0.09

0.61 (0.44–0.82)***

0.09

0.64 (0.44–0.95)**

0.10

0.41 (0.15–1.12)*

0.20

Religion

Hindu®

            
 

Muslims

0.60 (0.50–0.73)***

0.05

0.49 (0.37–0.66)***

0.07

0.75 (0.68–0.82)***

0.03

0.86 (0.69–1.07)

0.09

1.02 (0.78–1.33)

0.14

1.20 (0.65–2.25)

0.38

 

Christen

0.97 (0.63–1.51)

0.23

0.66 (0.31–1.38)

0.24

0.91 (0.70–1.18)

0.12

1.03 (0.57–1.88)

0.31

0.45 (0.14–1.45)

0.07

0.10 (0.01–1.42)

0.32

 

Others

1.02 (0.67–1.54)

0.21

0.62 (0.29–1.31)

0.21

1.00 (0.78–1.28)

0.14

0.93 (0.58–1.49)

0.22

0.78 (0.33–1.85)

0.11

0.65 (0.07–5.71)

0.72

Caste

SC/ST®

            
 

OBC

1.10 (0.96–1.26)

1.41

1.21 (0.99–1.49)**

0.12

0.96 (0.89–1.03)

0.04

0.78 (0.67–0.92)***

0.06

0.95 (0.76–1.18)

0.10

1.21 (0.72–2.03)

0.32

 

Others

1.56 (1.33–1.82)***

1.61

2.01 (1.61–2.52)***

0.23

1.06 (0.97–1.16)

0.06

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

0.09

0.84 (0.62–1.13)

0.12

0.95 (0.46–1.93)

0.34

Wealth quintile

Poorest®

            
 

Poorer

1.42 (1.17–1.73)***

0.12

1.11 (0.83–1.47)

0.16

1.14 (1.03–1.25)***

0.16

1.43 (1.16–1.76)***

0.15

1.07 (0.83–1.38)

0.09

0.70 (0.38–1.30)

0.22

 

Middle

2.17 (1.81–2.61)***

0.23

1.58 (1.19–2.09)***

0.23

1.29 (1.17–1.42)***

0.12

1.50 (1.20–1.88)***

0.17

0.71 (0.53–0.95)***

0.07

0.68 (0.34–1.34)***

0.26

 

Richer

2.56 (2.13–3.08)***

0.29

1.76 (1.30–2.40)***

0.28

1.28 (1.15–1.42)***

0.14

1.41 (1.10–1.82)***

0.18

0.59 (0.42–0.83)***

0.10

0.37 (0.15–0.92)**

0.17

 

Richest

2.33 (1.88–2.88)***

0.25

1.55 (1.07–2.23)**

0.29

1.30 (1.15–1.46)***

0.15

1.32 (0.97–1.80)**

0.21

0.69 (0.47–1.01)**

0.13

0.66 (0.26–1.69)*

0.31

Region of residence

North®

            
 

Central

0.85 (0.68–1.06)

0.09

1.20 (0.88–1.63)

0.18

0.84 (0.76–0.94)***

0.05

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

0.10

1.34 (0.96–1.88)*

0.22

1.12 (0.51–2.46)

0.45

 

East

0.95 (0.78–1.17)

0.08

1.57 (1.15–2.12)***

0.24

0.68 (0.61–0.75)***

0.04

0.97 (0.78–1.21)

0.11

1.10 (0.79–1.52)

0.18

1.29 (0.58–2.85)

0.52

 

North-east

1.70 (1.28–2.26)***

0.24

2.43 (1.52–3.90)***

0.58

0.47 (0.38–0.58)***

0.06

0.31 (0.16–0.58)***

0.10

0.94 (0.54–1.66)

0.27

0.60 (0.09–3.85)

0.56

 

West

1.21 (0.96–1.53)*

0.14

1.05 (0.76–1.46)

0.18

0.72 (0.64–0.82)***

0.04

0.69 (0.53–0.89)***

0.09

0.32 (0.18–0.55)***

0.08

0.36 (0.11–1.18)*

0.21

`

South

1.44 (1.17–1.79)***

0.16

1.49 (1.07–2.08)**

0.25

0.59 (0.52–0.66)***

0.03

0.53 (0.40–0.70)***

0.07

0.34 (0.21–0.56)***

0.08

0.44 (0.16–1.25)*

0.23

Pseudo R2

 

0.0367

0.0486

0.0367

0.0486

0.0367

0.0367

  1. *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05; UOR Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Interval
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