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Table 2 Adjusted hazards ratios for the relationship between ln-transformed corrected Cobalt in urine and the risk of mortality, NHANES 1999–2018

From: Association of cobalt exposure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in U.S. adults

 

Ln-transformed corrected cobalt in urine, HR (95% CI)

Population attributable fraction (95% CI)

Avoidable deaths (95% CI)

 

Low (< 20%)

Moderate (20-79.9%)

High (≥ 80%)

P for trend

Per 1 ln-unit increment

All-cause mortality

       

 Deaths, No.

478

1339

487

    

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.00 (0.87, 1.15)

1.40 (1.17, 1.68)

< 0.001

1.29 (1.17, 1.42)

  

 Model 2

1 (reference)

0.98 (0.85, 1.13)

1.32 (1.09, 1.60)

0.005

1.24 (1.13, 1.37)

  

 Model 3

1 (reference)

0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

1.26 (1.05, 1.52)

0.014

1.19 (1.07, 1.32)

5.5% (2.1%, 9.1%)

154,000 (60,000 to 256,000)

Cardiovascular disease mortality

       

 Deaths, No.

121

346

146

    

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.17 (0.88, 1.56)

1.89 (1.35, 2.65)

< 0.001

1.46 (1.23, 1.75)

  

 Model 2

1 (reference)

1.19 (0.90, 1.57)

1.87 (1.32, 2.64)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.21, 1.72)

  

 Model 3

1 (reference)

1.16 (0.86, 1.57)

1.67 (1.15, 2.44)

0.003

1.30 (1.06, 1.60)

9.5% (3.4%, 16.5%)

63,000 (22,000 to 108,000)

Cancer mortality

       

 Deaths, No.

104

333

90

    

 Model 1

1 (reference)

1.20 (0.91, 1.57)

1.30 (0.91, 1.87)

0.15

1.19 (0.99, 1.44)

  

 Model 2

1 (reference)

1.15 (0.87, 1.52)

1.18 (0.82, 1.71)

0.37

1.13 (0.93, 1.37)

  

 Model 3

1 (reference)

1.18 (0.89, 1.56)

1.21 (0.84, 1.73)

0.37

1.14 (0.94, 1.38)

1.1% (-4.1%, 7.2%)

7,000 (-24,000 to 43,000)

Other mortality

       

 Deaths, No.

253

660

251

    

 Model 1

1 (reference)

0.86 (0.71, 1.03)

1.25 (0.96, 1.61)

0.10

1.25 (1.07, 1.46)

  

 Model 2

1 (reference)

0.84 (0.70, 1.00)

1.17 (0.90, 1.52)

0.24

1.21 (1.04, 1.40)

  

 Model 3

1 (reference)

0.81 (0.67, 0.97)

1.12 (0.87, 1.45)

0.37

1.16 (0.99, 1.36)

5.5% (1.0%, 10.6%)

86,000 (16,000 to 166,000)

  1. In Model 1, we adjusted for age (continuous), race, and sex. In Model 2, we further adjusted for poverty income ratio, education level, smoking status, baseline body mass index, predicted lean body mass, physical activity, HEI-2015 score, and alcohol consumption, in addition to the variables in Model (1) In Model 3, we extended the adjustment by including histories of stroke, heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, and cardiovascular heart disease, as well as total cholesterol (continuous) and glycated hemoglobin (continuous) on top of the variables in Model (2) All of the models satisfied the proportionality of hazards assumption. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazards ratios
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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