Table 1 Survey-weighted baseline characteristics of the study participants by ln-transformed corrected Cobalt in urine, NHANES 1999–2018
From: Association of cobalt exposure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in U.S. adults
Characteristic | N | Overall, N = 15,873 (100%) | Low, N = 3396, WP = 20.2% (95%CI: 19.1%, 21.3%) | Moderate, N = 9437, WP = 60.5% (95%CI: 59.4%, 61.6%) | High, N = 3040, WP = 19.3% (95%CI: 18.4%, 20.1%) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | - | 47.1 (46.6, 47.6) | 43.7 (43.0, 44.3) | 47.5 (46.9, 48.1) | 49.3 (48.4, 50.2) | < 0.001 |
Sex, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Female | 7,893 | 50.9% (49.9%, 51.8%) | 25.8% (24.1%, 27.7%) | 50.2% (48.9%, 51.5%) | 79.2% (77.0%, 81.2%) | |
Male | 7,980 | 49.1% (48.2%, 50.1%) | 74.2% (72.3%, 75.9%) | 49.8% (48.5%, 51.1%) | 20.8% (18.8%, 23.0%) | |
Race, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 6,878 | 68.3% (66.1%, 70.5%) | 61.1% (57.9%, 64.3%) | 70.2% (67.9%, 72.3%) | 70.1% (67.2%, 72.9%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 3,352 | 11.2% (10.1%, 12.4%) | 20.9% (18.6%, 23.4%) | 9.2% (8.3%, 10.3%) | 7.2% (6.2%, 8.3%) | |
Hispanic | 1,344 | 5.7% (4.8%, 6.7%) | 5.8% (4.6%, 7.3%) | 5.5% (4.7%, 6.5%) | 6.1% (4.7%, 7.8%) | |
Other | 4,299 | 14.8% (13.4%, 16.2%) | 12.2% (10.6%, 13.9%) | 15.1% (13.6%, 16.6%) | 16.6% (14.7%, 18.7%) | |
Education levels, % | 0.26 | |||||
High school graduate/GED or less | 8,079 | 42.2% (40.6%, 43.8%) | 42.5% (40.0%, 45.0%) | 42.6% (40.8%, 44.5%) | 40.6% (37.9%, 43.3%) | |
Some college or associate’s degree | 4,435 | 30.5% (29.5%, 31.5%) | 31.7% (29.6%, 33.9%) | 30.1% (28.9%, 31.2%) | 30.6% (28.4%, 33.0%) | |
College graduate or above | 3,359 | 27.3% (25.7%, 28.9%) | 25.8% (23.6%, 28.2%) | 27.3% (25.5%, 29.2%) | 28.8% (26.4%, 31.3%) | |
Poverty income ratio, % | 0.004 | |||||
Low (< 1.3) | 4,390 | 19.7% (18.6%, 20.9%) | 18.6% (17.0%, 20.4%) | 19.2% (18.0%, 20.5%) | 22.5% (20.6%, 24.4%) | |
Middle (1.3 to < 3.5) | 6,973 | 40.9% (39.6%, 42.2%) | 40.4% (38.0%, 42.8%) | 40.9% (39.4%, 42.5%) | 41.3% (39.1%, 43.6%) | |
High ( > = 3.5) | 4,510 | 39.4% (37.7%, 41.1%) | 41.0% (38.3%, 43.8%) | 39.9% (37.9%, 41.8%) | 36.2% (33.6%, 38.9%) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | < 0.001 | |||||
Normal (< 25) | 4,469 | 29.6% (28.4%, 30.7%) | 23.9% (22.0%, 26.0%) | 30.3% (28.9%, 31.7%) | 33.3% (31.2%, 35.6%) | |
Overweight (25 to < 30) | 5,679 | 35.3% (34.2%, 36.5%) | 36.2% (33.8%, 38.8%) | 35.3% (33.9%, 36.7%) | 34.5% (32.4%, 36.6%) | |
Obese (30 or greater) | 5,725 | 35.1% (33.9%, 36.3%) | 39.8% (37.4%, 42.3%) | 34.4% (33.0%, 35.9%) | 32.2% (30.2%, 34.3%) | |
Lean body mass, kg | < 0.001 | |||||
Low (1st tertile) | 4,978 | 27.9% (26.9%, 28.8%) | 13.6% (12.2%, 15.0%) | 27.9% (26.6%, 29.2%) | 42.8% (40.7%, 44.9%) | |
Moderate (2nd tertile) | 5,877 | 36.6% (35.6%, 37.6%) | 34.9% (32.8%, 37.0%) | 37.3% (35.9%, 38.6%) | 36.0% (33.9%, 38.2%) | |
High (3rd tertile) | 5,018 | 35.6% (34.5%, 36.7%) | 51.6% (49.2%, 54.0%) | 34.8% (33.5%, 36.2%) | 21.2% (19.2%, 23.3%) | |
Alcohol intake, % | < 0.001 | |||||
None | 12,114 | 72.4% (71.0%, 73.6%) | 68.0% (65.8%, 70.2%) | 71.8% (70.2%, 73.4%) | 78.6% (76.3%, 80.7%) | |
Moderate | 1,423 | 9.6% (9.0%, 10.2%) | 10.6% (9.3%, 12.1%) | 10.0% (9.3%, 10.8%) | 7.2% (6.0%, 8.6%) | |
Heavy | 2,336 | 18.1% (17.0%, 19.1%) | 21.3% (19.5%, 23.3%) | 18.2% (16.9%, 19.5%) | 14.2% (12.4%, 16.3%) | |
Smoking status, % | 0.38 | |||||
Current | 3,273 | 21.3% (20.3%, 22.3%) | 22.3% (20.4%, 24.2%) | 21.3% (20.0%, 22.6%) | 20.2% (18.4%, 22.1%) | |
Former | 4,003 | 25.4% (24.4%, 26.5%) | 24.3% (22.3%, 26.3%) | 26.0% (24.7%, 27.3%) | 25.0% (22.4%, 27.8%) | |
Never | 8,597 | 53.3% (52.1%, 54.5%) | 53.5% (51.1%, 55.8%) | 52.8% (51.1%, 54.4%) | 54.9% (52.1%, 57.6%) | |
Ln-transformed serum cotinine (ng/mL), % | < 0.001 | |||||
Low (1st tertile) | 5,027 | 32.9% (31.4%, 34.4%) | 25.1% (22.7%, 27.5%) | 33.5% (31.8%, 35.2%) | 39.2% (36.8%, 41.7%) | |
Moderate (2nd tertile) | 5,847 | 34.8% (33.8%, 35.9%) | 36.3% (34.2%, 38.4%) | 35.0% (33.6%, 36.5%) | 32.7% (30.7%, 34.9%) | |
High (3rd tertile) | 4,999 | 32.3% (31.1%, 33.5%) | 38.7% (36.2%, 41.2%) | 31.5% (30.2%, 32.9%) | 28.1% (25.9%, 30.4%) | |
Physical activity, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Inactive | 3,786 | 18.8% (17.9%, 19.8%) | 15.2% (13.6%, 16.8%) | 18.7% (17.6%, 19.9%) | 22.9% (20.8%, 25.2%) | |
Insufficient | 2,832 | 17.7% (16.9%, 18.5%) | 18.7% (17.1%, 20.4%) | 17.3% (16.3%, 18.5%) | 17.7% (15.8%, 19.8%) | |
Active | 9,255 | 63.5% (62.3%, 64.7%) | 66.2% (64.2%, 68.1%) | 63.9% (62.4%, 65.4%) | 59.4% (56.9%, 61.9%) | |
Healthy Eating Index–2015 score, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Low (1st tertile) | 4,942 | 32.7% (31.4%, 33.9%) | 35.8% (33.5%, 38.1%) | 32.1% (30.7%, 33.6%) | 31.0% (28.8%, 33.4%) | |
Moderate (2nd tertile) | 6,033 | 37.6% (36.5%, 38.7%) | 39.2% (36.9%, 41.5%) | 37.5% (36.4%, 38.7%) | 36.1% (33.7%, 38.7%) | |
High (3rd tertile) | 4,898 | 29.7% (28.6%, 30.9%) | 25.1% (23.4%, 26.8%) | 30.3% (28.9%, 31.8%) | 32.8% (30.6%, 35.1%) | |
Stroke, % | 0.016 | |||||
Non | 15,272 | 97.4% (97.1%, 97.7%) | 97.8% (97.3%, 98.3%) | 97.5% (97.1%, 97.9%) | 96.6% (95.8%, 97.3%) | |
Yes | 601 | 2.6% (2.3%, 2.9%) | 2.2% (1.7%, 2.7%) | 2.5% (2.1%, 2.9%) | 3.4% (2.7%, 4.2%) | |
Heart failure, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Non | 15,407 | 97.9% (97.5%, 98.1%) | 98.4% (97.8%, 98.8%) | 98.0% (97.6%, 98.3%) | 96.9% (96.1%, 97.5%) | |
Yes | 466 | 2.1% (1.9%, 2.5%) | 1.6% (1.2%, 2.2%) | 2.0% (1.7%, 2.4%) | 3.1% (2.5%, 3.9%) | |
Cardiovascular heart disease, % | < 0.001 | |||||
Non | 15,246 | 96.6% (96.2%, 97.1%) | 97.7% (97.0%, 98.2%) | 96.7% (96.1%, 97.2%) | 95.4% (94.3%, 96.3%) | |
Yes | 627 | 3.4% (2.9%, 3.8%) | 2.3% (1.8%, 3.0%) | 3.3% (2.8%, 3.9%) | 4.6% (3.7%, 5.7%) | |
Renal failure, % | 0.57 | |||||
Non | 15,393 | 97.5% (97.1%, 97.8%) | 97.6% (96.8%, 98.1%) | 97.6% (97.2%, 98.0%) | 97.2% (96.3%, 97.9%) | |
Yes | 480 | 2.5% (2.2%, 2.9%) | 2.4% (1.9%, 3.2%) | 2.4% (2.0%, 2.8%) | 2.8% (2.1%, 3.7%) | |
Hypertension, % | 0.16 | |||||
Non | 10,279 | 69.6% (68.4%, 70.7%) | 71.0% (68.7%, 73.1%) | 69.6% (68.3%, 70.9%) | 68.1% (65.7%, 70.4%) | |
Yes | 5,594 | 30.4% (29.3%, 31.6%) | 29.0% (26.9%, 31.3%) | 30.4% (29.1%, 31.7%) | 31.9% (29.6%, 34.3%) | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | - | 123.0 (122.6, 123.4) | 122.8 (122.0, 123.6) | 122.9 (122.4, 123.4) | 123.5 (122.7, 124.3) | 0.68 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | - | 71.3 (71.0, 71.7) | 72.8 (72.2, 73.3) | 71.1 (70.7, 71.6) | 70.5 (69.9, 71.0) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus, % | 0.10 | |||||
Non | 13,915 | 91.2% (90.7%, 91.7%) | 92.0% (91.0%, 92.9%) | 91.2% (90.5%, 91.9%) | 90.2% (88.7%, 91.4%) | |
Yes | 1,958 | 8.8% (8.3%, 9.3%) | 8.0% (7.1%, 9.0%) | 8.8% (8.1%, 9.5%) | 9.8% (8.6%, 11.3%) | |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, % | - | 5.6 (5.6, 5.6) | 5.5 (5.5, 5.6) | 5.6 (5.6, 5.6) | 5.6 (5.6, 5.6) | 0.007 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | - | 196.1 (195.2, 197.1) | 196.3 (194.2, 198.3) | 196.8 (195.7, 197.9) | 193.9 (192.0, 195.7) | 0.003 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | - | 52.9 (52.5, 53.3) | 49.6 (48.9, 50.3) | 52.7 (52.2, 53.2) | 56.9 (56.1, 57.6) | < 0.001 |
Ln-transformed corrected cadmium in urine*, ln(µg/g) | - | -1.5 (-1.5, -1.4) | -1.7 (-1.8, -1.7) | -1.5 (-1.5, -1.4) | -1.2 (-1.3, -1.2) | < 0.001 |
Ln-transformed corrected lead in urine*, ln(µg/g) | - | -0.6 (-0.6, -0.6) | -0.9 (-0.9, -0.8) | -0.6 (-0.6, -0.6) | -0.4 (-0.4, -0.4) | < 0.001 |