Fig. 1
From: Association of cobalt exposure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in U.S. adults
Dose-response relationships between cobalt exposure and mortality using restricted cubic splines. A, Urinary cobalt and all-cause mortality; B, Urinary cobalt and CVD mortality; C, Blood cobalt and all-cause mortality; D, Blood cobalt and CVD mortality. The analyses utilized COX models with restricted cubic splines. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using NHANES survey weights. The reference point was set at the weighted median value of cobalt exposure [-1.10 ln(µg/g) for urinary cobalt; and − 1.90 ln(µg/L) for blood cobalt]. Solid lines represent HRs, and the lightly shaded areas indicate 95% CIs. Abbreviations: CI: Confidence interval; Co: Cobalt; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HR: Hazard ratio