Table 3 Multivariate analyses for low back pain associated with risk factors in the sarcopenia population aged 45 years or older

Gender (Female)

1.20(0.85–1.70)

0.303

1.26(0.76–2.09)

0.365

Hypertension (Yes)

0.94(0.75–1.18)

0.588

0.94(0.64–1.37)

0.740

Dyslipidaemia (Yes)

1.03(0.76–1.41)

0.836

Diabetes or High Blood Sugar (Yes)

1.31(0.89–1.92)

0.172

Cancer (Yes)

2.56(0.83–7.88)

0.100

Lung Diseases (Yes)

1.15(0.82–1.63)

0.422

1.38(0.92–2.05)

0.116

Liver Disease (Yes)

1.82(0.99–3.36)

0.054

Heart Attack (Yes)

1.31(0.99–1.73)

0.055

1.55(0.98–2.47)

0.062

Stroke (Yes)

2.23(0.95–5.23)

0.065

Kidney Disease (Yes)

1.82(1.23–2.68)

0.003

1.94(1.15–3.27)

0.012

Stomach (Yes)

1.66(1.33–2.08)

< 0.001

1.50(1.08–2.06)

0.014

Psychiatric Problems (Yes)

1.21(0.61–2.43)

0.584

0.98(0.28–3.40)

0.978

Memory Related Disease (Yes)

1.55(0.91–2.66)

0.107

Arthritis or Rheumatism (Yes)

1.76(1.42–2.18)

< 0.001

1.78(1.30–2.44)

< 0.001

Asthma (Yes)

1.01(0.62–1.65)

0.963

1.24(0.71–2.16)

0.453

Physical Disabilities (Yes)

1.45(0.91–2.30)

0.116

1.21(0.50–2.93)

0.679

Sleeping Time

 ≤ 5

2.65(1.60–4.40)

< 0.001

1.44(0.73–2.83)

0.295

 6 ~ 9

1.75(1.06–2.87)

0.028

0.91(0.47–1.78)

0.791

 ≥ 10

Ref

Ref

Smoke (Yes)

0.86(0.63–1.18)

0.354

1.27(0.79–2.05)

0.320

Drink (Yes)

1.04(0.81–1.34)

0.746

Residence (Rural)

1.55(1.16–2.08)

0.003

1.38(0.83–2.29)

0.219

Marital Status (Divorced and others)

1.37(0.95-2.00)

0.096

Education

 Illiterate

1.61(1.15–2.26)

0.006

1.59(0.83–3.06)

0.166

 Primary school and less

Ref

Ref

 Middle school and higher

1.69(1.25–2.28)

0.001

1.69(0.92–3.09)

0.089

Depression (Yes)

3.29(2.54–4.27)

< 0.001

2.87(2.01–4.12)

< 0.001

ADL (disability)

1.16(0.75–1.80)

0.497

1.87(1.04–3.35)

0.036

IADL (disability)

1.80(1.39–2.34)

< 0.001

1.55(1.07–2.24)

0.020

History of Fall (Yes)

1.76(1.39–2.24)

< 0.001

1.47(1.02–2.11)

0.040

Social Activity (No)

1.19(0.87–1.62)

0.273

Child Health Condition

 Excellent

Ref

Ref

 Very good

0.87(0.62–1.21)

0.413

0.76(0.41–1.39)

0.370

 Good

0.80(0.55–1.16)

0.243

0.93(0.50–1.74)

0.826

 Fair

0.58(0.40–0.84)

0.004

0.90(0.49–1.64)

0.726

 Poor

0.84(0.53–1.36)

0.484

1.39(0.70–2.77)

0.351

Work Status

 Currently Not Working

2.30(0.78–6.76)

0.131

 Never Worked

Ref

 Working

2.56(0.87–7.54)

0.088