Table 1 General characteristics of participants
Variables | All subjects (N = 5,346) (N, %) / (M ± SD) | Good OHRQoL (n = 2,619) (N, %) / (M ± SD) | Poor OHRQoL (n = 2,727) (N, %) / (M ± SD) | χ² / t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 13.73 ± 1.76 | 13.02 ± 1.74 | 13.65 ± 1.74 | -13.39 | < 0.001 |
Gender |  |  |  | 247.16 | < 0.001 |
 Boys | 2592 (48.48) | 1557 (59.45) | 1035 (37.95) |  |  |
 Girls | 2754 (51.52) | 1062 (40.55) | 1692 (62.05) |  |  |
Ethnicity |  |  |  | 18.71 | < 0.001 |
 Han (majority) | 1741 (32.57) | 927 (35.39) | 814 (29.85) |  |  |
 Minorities | 3605 (67.43) | 1692 (64.60) | 1913 (70.15) |  |  |
Grade |  |  |  | 187.69 | < 0.001 |
 Primary school | 907 (16.97) | 608 (23.21) | 299 (10.96) |  |  |
 Junior high school | 3293 (61.59) | 1590 (60.71) | 1703 (62.45) |  |  |
 Senior high school | 1146 (21.44) | 421 (16.07) | 725 (26.59) |  |  |
Only child | Â | Â | Â | 4.62 | 0.032 |
 Yes | 1336 (25.01) | 688 (26.31) | 648 (23.76) |  |  |
 No | 4006 (74.99) | 1927 (73.69) | 2079 (76.24) |  |  |
Boarding students |  |  |  | 88.99 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 3081 (57.63) | 1339 (51.13) | 1742 (63.88) |  |  |
 No | 2265 (42.37) | 1280 (48.87) | 985 (36.12) |  |  |
Left-behind children | Â | Â | Â | 1.49 | 0.222 |
 Yes | 475 (8.89) | 220 (8.40) | 255 (9.35) |  |  |
 No | 4871 (91.11) | 2399 (91.60) | 2472 (90.65) |  |  |
Family income | Â | Â | Â | 7.52 | 0.006 |
 Stable | 5094 (95.41) | 2515 (96.21) | 2579 (94.64) |  |  |
 Unstable | 245 (4.59) | 99 (3.79) | 146 (5.36) |  |  |
Parents’ marriage status |  |  |  | 5.36 | 0.021 |
 In marriage | 4260 (79.70) | 2121 (80.99) | 2139 (78.44) |  |  |
 Other status | 1085 (20.30) | 498 (19.01) | 588 (21.56) |  |  |
Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) |  |  |  | 611.33 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 2189 (40.95) | 628 (23.98) | 1561 (57.24) |  |  |
 No | 3157 (59.05) | 1991 (76.02) | 1166 (42.76) |  |  |
Anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5) |  |  |  | 433.84 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1282 (23.98) | 303 (11.57) | 979 (35.90) |  |  |
 No | 4064 (76.02) | 2316 (88.43) | 1738 (64.10) |  |  |
Bullying involvement |  |  |  | 97.69 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 877 (16.40) | 296 (11.30) | 581 (21.31) |  |  |
 No | 4469 (83.60) | 2323 (88.70) | 2146 (78.69) |  |  |
Role of bullying |  |  |  | 100.48 | < 0.001 |
 Victims | 710 (13.28) | 237 (9.05) | 473 (17.35) |  |  |
 Bullies | 108 (2.02) | 26 (0.99) | 33 (1.20) |  |  |
 Bully-victims | 59 (1.10) | 33 (1.26) | 75 (2.75) |  |  |
Type of victimization |  |  |  | 97.39 | < 0.001 |
 Physical | 10 (1.40) | 7 (0.27) | 3 (0.11) |  |  |
 Verbal | 387 (54.51) | 122 (4.77) | 265 (10.12) |  |  |
 Relational | 66 (9.30) | 32 (1.16) | 34 (1.34) |  |  |
 Cyber | 13 (1.83) | 4 (0.18) | 9 (0.30) |  |  |
 Multiple | 234 (32.96) | 72 (2.81) | 162 (6.19) |  |  |