Table 6 Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of postpartum depression (PPD) in Thailand

AOR

(95% CI)

p value

Age (18–30 vs. >30 years)

1.24

(0.83-

1.85)

0.29

Education (No education or Standard vs. Higher education)

1.39

(0.92-

2.10)

1.22

Marital status

1.42

(0.71-

2.84)

0.35

 Unmarried or not living with a partner vs. Married/living with a partner

Residential area (Urban vs. Rural)

1.47

(1.02-

2.05)

0.04

Regions

 Central and Bangkok vs. South

2.16

(1.45-

3.20)

< 0.001

 North and Northeast vs. South

2.31

(1.34-

3.99)

0.05

Monthly household income during COVID-19 pandemic

 <15,000 THB vs. ≥15,000 THB

1.42

(0.96-

2.10)

0.76

Changes in food insecurity status

 No change (insecure to insecure) vs. Secure (insecure/secure to secure)

0.56

(0.39-

0.82)

< 0.05

 Worse (secure to insecure) vs. Secure (insecure/secure to secure)

0.44

(0.98-

1.93)

0.27

Delivery mode (Vaginal delivery vs. Caesarian section)

1.25

(0.86-

1.81)

0.25

Intended pregnancy (no)

1.58

(1.00-

2.47)

< 0.05

Number of siblings (singleton vs. ≥1 sibling)

0.60

(0.16

2.19)

0.44

Birth interval

 No sibling vs. 3 years or higher

1.13

(0.77-

1.67)

0.54

 Less than 3 years vs. 3 years or higher

1.42

(0.81-

2.50)

0.22

Health problems during the perinatal period (yes)

1.94

(1.30-

2.89)

< 0.001

Direct breastfeeding (no)

1.18

(0.65-

2.15)

0.59

Feeding expressed milk (yes)

1.67

(0.95-

2.90)

0.07

Infant formula (yes)

1.19

(0.34-

4.10)

0.79

Solid, semi-solid or soft foods (yes)

3.84

(1.35-

10.87)

0.01

Infant feeding pattern

 Breastfeeding only vs. Others

0.98

(0.48-

1.98)

0.96

 Mixed BF and formula vs. Others

0.77

(0.15-

3.88)

0.75

 Formula only vs. Others

1.31

(0.36-

4.70)

0.68

Impact of COVID-19 on feeding on breast directly

 Did/do not intend/shorter vs. Same/longer

1.14

(0.77-

1.69)

0.52

Impact of COVID-19 on feeding expressed milk

 Did/do not intend/shorter vs. Same/longer

1.24

(0.83-

1.85)

0.29

COVID-19 related attitude

 Negative (1st tertile) vs. Positive (3rd tertile)

1.91

(1.19-

3.07)

< 0.05

 Moderate (2nd tertile) vs. Positive (3rd tertile)

1.85

(1.20-

2.86)

< 0.05

COVID-19 related knowledge

 Low (1st tertile) vs. High (3rd tertile)

0.97

(0.64-

1.46)

0.88

 Moderate (2nd tertile) vs. High (3rd tertile)

1.51

(0.95-

2.41)

0.08

Beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination

Negative (1st tertile) vs. Positive (3rd tertile)

0.97

(0.63-

1.48)

0.88

Moderate (2nd tertile) vs. Positive (3rd tertile)

1.28

(0.80-

2.03)

0.30