Association between infant feeding practices, COVID-19 related cognitive factors, and postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional online study in Thailand

Table 2 Infant feeding practices by postpartum depression (PPD) among postpartum mothers in Thailand

Variables	n	(%)	PPD				p-value
			No		Yes
			n	(%)	n	(%)
Infant feeding practices last 24 h
Direct breastfeeding
Yes	544	(64.8)	383	(70.4)	161	(29.6)	0.019
No	296	(35.2)	185	(62.5)	111	(37.5)
Feeding expressed breastmilk
Yes	503	(59.9)	327	(65.0)	176	(35.0)	0.048
No	337	(41.1)	241	(71.5)	96	(28.5)
Infant formula feeding
Yes	328	(39.0)	203	(61.9)	125	(38.1)	0.005
No	512	(61.0)	365	(71.3)	147	(28.7)
Solid, semi-solid or soft foods
Yes	66	(7.9)	24	(36.4)	42	(63.6)	< 0.001
No	774	(92.1)	544	(70.3)	230	(29.7)
Infant feeding pattern
Breastfeeding only	470	(56.0)	347	(73.8)	123	(26.2)	< 0.001
Mixed breastmilk and formula milk only	222	(26.4)	143	(64.4)	79	(35.6)
Formula milk only	71	(8.5)	47	(66.2)	24	(33.8)
Others	77	(9.2)	31	(40.3)	46	(59.7)
Timing of any solid, semi-solid, or soft foods
Not introduced yet	612	(72.9)	415	(73.1)	197	(72.4)	0.463
Before 6 months of age	36	(4.3)	21	(3.7)	15	(5.5)
6 months of age or above	192	(22.9)	132	(23.2)	60	(22.1)
Impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding practice
Direct breastfeeding
Did/do not intend/shorter than intended	431	(51.3)	274	(63.6)	157	(36.4)	0.010
Same/longer than I intended	409	(48.7)	294	(71.9)	115	(28.1)
Feeding expressed milk
Did/do not intend/shorter than intended	415	(49.4)	263	(63.4)	152	(36.6)	0.009
Same/longer than I intended	425	(50.6)	305	(71.8)	120	(28.2)

Note: Bold text indicates a statistically significant difference with a p-value less than 0.05

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