Table 1 Sociodemographic factors by postpartum depression (PPD) among postpartum mothers in Thailand
Variables | n | (%) | PPD* | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | ||||
Total sample | 840 | (100.0) | 568 | (67.6) | 272 | (32.4) | Â |
Sociodemographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 18–30 | 541 | (64.4) | 344 | (63.6) | 197 | (36.4) | < 0.001 |
 > 30 | 299 | (35.6) | 224 | (74.9) | 75 | (25.1) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Standard or no education | 458 | (54.5) | 286 | (62.5) | 172 | (37.6) | < 0.001 |
 Higher education | 382 | (45.5) | 282 | (73.8) | 100 | (26.2) |  |
Employment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Employed or self-employed | 357 | (42.5) | 242 | (67.8) | 115 | (32.2) | 0.062 |
 On (paid or unpaid) maternal leave | 171 | (20.4) | 127 | (74.3) | 44 | (25.7) |  |
 Housewives or unemployed | 312 | (37.1) | 199 | (63.8) | 113 | (36.2) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Married/living with a partner | 759 | (90.4) | 531 | (70.0) | 228 | (30.0) | < 0.001 |
 Unmarried or not living with a partner | 81 | (9.6) | 37 | (45.7) | 44 | (54.3) |  |
Family types | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Extended | 481 | (57.3) | 336 | (69.9) | 145 | (30.2) | 0.109 |
 Non-extended | 359 | (42.7) | 232 | (64.6) | 127 | (35.4) |  |
Residential areas | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Rural | 458 | (54.5) | 327 | (71.4) | 131 | (28.6) | 0.010 |
 Urban | 382 | (45.5) | 241 | (63.1) | 141 | (36.9) |  |
Regions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Central and Bangkok | 308 | (36.7) | 183 | (59.4) | 125 | (40.6) | < 0.001 |
 North and Northeast | 105 | (12.5) | 67 | (63.8) | 38 | (36.2) |  |
 South | 427 | (50.8) | 318 | (74.5) | 109 | (25.5) |  |
Monthly household income during COVID | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Less than 15,000 THB | 404 | (48.1) | 251 | (62.1) | 153 | (37.9) | 0.001 |
 15,000 or more THB | 436 | (51.9) | 317 | (72.7) | 119 | (27.3) |  |
Changes in food insecurity status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No change (insecure to insecure) | 236 | (28.1) | 130 | (55.1) | 106 | (44.9) | < 0.001 |
 Worse (secure to insecure) | 180 | (21.4) | 121 | (67.2) | 59 | (32.8) |  |
 Secure (insecure to secure OR secure to secure) | 424 | (50.5) | 317 | (74.8) | 107 | (25.2) |  |
Infant age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 3 months of age | 477 | (56.8) | 335 | (59.0) | 142 | (52.2) | 0.064 |
 ≥ 3 months of age | 363 | (43.2) | 233 | (41.0) | 130 | (47.8) |  |
Low infant birthweight | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Less than 2.5 kg | 81 | (9.6) | 50 | (61.7) | 31 | (38.3) | 0.233 |
 2.5 kg or higher | 759 | (90.4) | 518 | (68.3) | 241 | (31.8) |  |
Delivery mode | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Vaginal delivery | 489 | (58.2) | 314 | (64.2) | 175 | (35.8) | 0.013 |
 Caesarian section | 351 | (41.8) | 254 | (72.4) | 97 | (27.6) |  |
Intended pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 705 | (83.9) | 501 | (71.1) | 204 | (28.9) | < 0.001 |
 No | 135 | (16.1) | 67 | (49.6) | 68 | (50.4) |  |
Number of children | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 One child | 495 | (58.9) | 321 | (64.9) | 174 | (35.2) | 0.040 |
 Two or more | 345 | (41.1) | 247 | (71.6) | 98 | (28.4) |  |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No siblings | 436 | (51.9) | 277 | (63.5) | 159 | (36.5) | 0.017 |
 Less than 3 years | 102 | (12.1) | 69 | (67.7) | 33 | (32.4) |  |
 3 years or higher | 302 | (36.0) | 222 | (73.5) | 80 | (26.5) |  |
Health problems during the perinatal period | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 196 | (23.3) | 112 | (57.1) | 84 | (42.9) | < 0.001 |
 No | 644 | (76.7) | 456 | (70.8) | 188 | (29.2) |  |