Table 2 Results of Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Analysis factor associated with depressive symptoms in 2008 to 2022

Changes in parent–child relationships

 No → No

 Yes → No

(0.89—1.81)

(0.83—1.65)

 No → Yes

(0.47—0.83)

(0.51—0.88)

 Yes → Yes

(0.53—0.88)

(0.57—0.92)

Age

 45–59

 60–69

(0.99—1.38)

(1.11—1.44)

 70–79

(1.00—1.47)

(1.30—1.73)

 80 ~ 

(1.00—1.54)

(1.45—2.02)

Region

 Rural area

 Urban city

(1.00—1.32)

(0.98—1.21)

 Education

 Middle school or below

(0.86—1.25)

(0.54—0.90)

 High school

(0.85—1.24)

(0.52—0.90)

 College or beyond

Marital status

 Married

 Single

(1.27—1.79)

(1.15—1.41)

Household income

 Quartile 4

 Quartile 3

(0.64—0.93)

(0.77—1.02)

 Quartile 2

(0.61—0.86)

(0.76—0.99)

 Quartile 1

(0.63—0.86)

(0.73—0.93)

Employment status

 Employed

 Non-employed

(1.42—1.86)

(1.14—1.43)

Social relations

 Yes

 No

(1.52—2.02)

(1.36—1.71)

Physical activity

 Yes

 No

(1.35—1.70)

(1.09—1.32)

Smoking status

 Yes

(0.68—0.88)

(1.10—1.81)

 No

Alcohol intake

 Yes

(0.87—1.14)

(0.83—1.04)

 No

 Health status

 Healthy

 Unhealthy

(2.35—2.98)

(2.51—3.00)

 Living with children

 Yes

 No

(1.01—1.32)

(0.97—1.19)

Life satisfaction

 Good (> 70)

 Normal (50 >, < = 70)

(0.97—1.34)

(1.05—1.36)

 Bad (< = 50)

(2.00—2.76)

(2.25—2.91)

Before depression

 Yes

(1.42—1.85)

(1.41—1.72)

 No