Table 1 Baseline (2008) characteristics of the study population according to the CESD- 10

Total = 4,476

1,719

(100.0)

387

(22.5)

1,332

(77.5)

2,757

(100.0)

837

(30.4)

1,920

(69.6)

Changes in parent–child relationships

 <.0001

 <.0001

 No → No

191

(11.1)

31

(16.2)

160

(83.8)

199

(7.2)

32

(16.1)

167

(83.9)

 Yes → No

37

(2.2)

11

(29.7)

26

(70.3)

49

(1.8)

16

(32.7)

33

(67.3)

 No → Yes

159

(9.2)

32

(20.1)

127

(79.9)

220

(8.0)

51

(23.2)

169

(76.8)

 Yes → Yes

1,332

(77.5)

313

(23.5)

1,019

(76.5)

2,289

(83.0)

738

(32.2)

1,551

(67.8)

Age

 <.0001

 <.0001

 45–59

540

(31.4)

74

(13.7)

466

(86.3)

858

(31.1)

135

(15.7)

723

(84.3)

 60–69

506

(29.4)

106

(20.9)

400

(79.1)

794

(28.8)

220

(27.7)

574

(72.3)

 70–79

493

(28.7)

135

(27.4)

358

(72.6)

760

(27.6)

301

(39.6)

459

(60.4)

 80 ~ 

180

(10.5)

72

(40.0)

108

(60.0)

345

(12.5)

181

(52.5)

164

(47.5)

Region

0.9588

0.5686

 Urban city

1,210

(70.4)

272

(22.5)

938

(77.5)

1,977

(71.7)

594

(30.0)

1,383

(70.0)

 Rural area

509

(29.6)

115

(22.6)

394

(77.4)

780

(28.3)

243

(31.2)

537

(68.8)

Education

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Middle school or below

992

(57.7)

276

(27.8)

716

(72.2)

2,246

(81.5)

764

(34.0)

1,482

(66.0)

 High school

524

(30.5)

89

(17.0)

435

(83.0)

433

(15.7)

59

(13.6)

374

(86.4)

 College or beyond

203

(11.8)

22

(10.8)

181

(89.2)

78

(2.8)

14

(17.9)

64

(82.1)

Marital status

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Married

1,548

(90.1)

323

(20.9)

1225

(79.1)

1,707

(61.9)

421

(24.7)

1,286

(75.3)

 Single

171

(9.9)

64

(37.4)

107

(62.6)

1,050

(38.1)

416

(39.6)

634

(60.4)

Household income

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Quartile 4

517

(30.1)

73

(14.1)

444

(85.9)

758

(27.5)

168

(22.2)

590

(77.8)

 Quartile 3

446

(25.9)

77

(17.3)

369

(82.7)

634

(23.0)

145

(22.9)

489

(77.1)

 Quartile 2

430

(25.0)

115

(26.7)

315

(73.3)

681

(24.7)

222

(32.6)

459

(67.4)

 Quartile 1

326

(19.0)

122

(37.4)

204

(62.6)

684

(24.8)

302

(44.2)

382

(55.8)

Employment status

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Employed

832

(48.4)

95

(11.4)

737

(88.6)

679

(24.6)

132

(19.4)

547

(80.6)

 Non-employed

887

(51.6)

292

(32.9)

595

(67.1)

2,078

(75.4)

705

(33.9)

1,373

(66.1)

Social relations

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Yes

1,518

(88.3)

292

(19.2)

1,226

(80.8)

2,524

(91.5)

725

(28.7)

1,799

(71.3)

 No

201

(11.7)

95

(47.3)

106

(52.7)

233

(8.5)

112

(48.1)

121

(51.9)

Physical activity

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Yes

575

(33.4)

86

(15.0)

489

(85.0)

747

(27.1)

176

(23.6)

571

(76.4)

 No

1,144

(66.6)

301

(26.3)

843

(73.7)

2,010

(72.9)

661

(32.9)

1,349

(67.1)

Smoking status

0.1089

 <.0001

 Yes

637

(37.1)

130

(20.4)

507

(79.6)

112

(4.1)

55

(49.1)

57

(50.9)

 No

1,082

(62.9)

257

(23.8)

825

(76.2)

2,645

(95.9)

782

(29.6)

1,863

(70.4)

Alcohol intake

0.0313

 <.6261

 Yes

426

(24.8)

112

(26.3)

314

(73.7)

2,158

(78.3)

660

(30.6)

1,498

(69.4)

 No

1,293

(75.2)

275

(21.3)

1,018

(78.7)

599

(21.7)

177

(29.5)

422

(70.5)

Health status

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Healthy

1,097

(63.8)

117

(10.7)

980

(89.3)

1,486

(53.9)

238

(16.0)

1,248

(84.0)

 Unhealthy

622

(36.2)

270

(43.4)

352

(56.6)

1,271

(46.1)

599

(47.1)

672

(52.9)

Living with children

0.0047

0.0057

 Yes

797

(46.4)

155

(19.4)

642

(80.6)

1,332

(48.3)

371

(27.9)

961

(72.1)

 No

922

(53.6)

232

(25.2)

690

(74.8)

1,425

(51.7)

466

(32.7)

959

(67.3)

Life satisfaction

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Good (> 70)

315

(18.3)

33

(10.5)

282

(89.5)

446

(25.9)

67

(15.0)

379

(85.0)

 Normal (50 >, < = 70)

668

(38.9)

101

(15.1)

567

(84.9)

950

(34.5)

198

(20.8)

752

(79.2)

 Bad (< = 50)

736

(42.8)

253

(34.4)

483

(65.6)

1,361

(49.4)

572

(42.0)

789

(58.0)

Before depression

 <.0001

 <.0001

 Yes

224

(13.0)

110

(49.1)

114

(50.9)

513

(29.8)

290

(56.5)

223

(43.5)

 No

1,495

(87.0)

277

(18.5)

1,218

(81.5)

2,244

(130.5)

547

(24.4)

1,697

(75.6)