Skip to main content

Table 4 Outcomes of association between Dizziness or imbalance and its nature and general health

From: Dizziness and imbalance and their association with general and mental health in a community-based cross-sectional study of middle-aged individuals: the Busselton healthy ageing study

 

imbalance or dizziness

(N = 5086)

 

Outcomes of those with imbalance or dizziness by nature of symptoms

(N = 1216)

  

Spinning/sensation of movement

Light-headedness

Unsteadiness on feet

Yes

N (%)

OR

(95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

 

Yes

N (%)

OR

(95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Yes

N (%)

OR

(95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95%CI)

Yes

N (%)

OR

(95%CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Total

(Missing n = 5)

1216 (23.8)

   

449 (36.9)

  

782 (64.3)

  

432 (35.5)

  

Stroke

             

No (ref)

1176 (96.7)

—

—

 

435 (96.9)

—

—

754 (96.4)

—

—

412 (95.4)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

40 (3.3)

1.96

(1.31–2.90)

2.14

(1.43–3.21)

 

14 (3.1)

0.92

(0.47–1.78)

1.08

(0.55–2.12)

28 (3.6)

1.31

(0.66–2.60)

1.41

(0.71–2.82)

20 (4.6)

1.85

(0.99–3.49)

1.70

(0.90–3.22)

PAD

             

No (ref)

1187 (97.6)

—

—

 

438 (97.6)

—

—

765 (97.8)

—

—

417 (96.5)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

29 (2.4)

1.37

(0.88–2.12)

1.52

(0.97–2.38)

 

11 (2.4)

1.15

(0.49–2.23)

1.21

(0.56–2.61)

17 (2.2)

0.78

(0.37–1.65)

0.81

(0.38–1.71)

15 (3.5)

1.98

(0.95–4.14)

1.91

(0.91–4.02)

Heart disease

             

No (ref)

1153 (94.8)

—

—

 

428 (95.3)

—

—

739 (94.5)

—

—

411 (95.1)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

63 (5.2)

1.56

(1.14–2.11)

1.88

(1.37–2.59)

 

21 (4.7)

0.85

(0.50–1.45)

1.10

(0.63–1.91)

43 (5.5)

1.20

(0.70–2.08)

1.38

(0.79–2.41)

21 (4.9)

0.90

(0.53–1.55)

0.75

(0.43–1.31)

Hypertension diagnosed or drugs BP

             

No (ref)

693 (57.0)

—

—

 

254 (56.6)

—

—

447 (57.2)

—

—

213 (49.3)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

523 (43.0)

1.09

(0.95–1.24)

1.10

(0.96–1.27)

 

195 (43.3)

1.03

(0.81–1.30)

1.14

(0.89–1.47)

335 (42.8)

0.98

(0.77–1.24)

1.08

(0.84–1.38)

219 (50.7)

1.62

(1.28–2.06)

1.49

(1.16–1.90)

Blood pressure (AHA classification)

             

Normal (ref)

346 (28.5)

—

—

 

120 (26.7)

—

—

238 (30.4)

—

—

105 (24.3)

—

—

Elevated

233 (19.2)

0.81

(0.66–0.98)

0.86

(0.71–1.05)

 

76 (16.9)

0.91

(0.64–1.30)

1.02

(0.71–1.46)

157 (20.1)

0.94

(0.66–1.34)

0.97

(0.68–1.39)

74 (17.1)

1.07

(0.75–1.53)

1.02

(0.71–1.47)

Hypertension stage 1

272 (22.4)

0.64

(0.53–0.76)

0.72

(0.59–0.87)

 

114 (25.4)

1.36

(0.98–1.89)

1.61

(1.15–2.26)

157 (20.1)

0.62

(0.45–0.86)

0.65

(0.47–0.91)

107 (24.8)

1.49

(1.07–2.08)

1.38

(0.98–1.94)

Hypertension stage 2

(Missing n = 0)

365 (30.0)

0.76

(0.64–0.90)

0.81

(0.68–0.97)

 

139 (31.0)

1.16

(0.85–1.57)

1.34

(0.97–1.85)

230 (29.4)

0.77

(0.57–1.06)

0.84

(0.61–1.16)

146 (33.8)

1.53

(1.12–2.09)

1.36

(0.99–1.88)

DM diagnosed

             

No (ref)

1119 (92)

—

—

 

416 (92.7)

—

—

720 (92.1)

—

—

386 (89.4)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

97 (8.0)

1.34

(1.04–1.71)

1.35

(1.05–1.74)

 

33 (7.3)

0.87

(0.65–1.35)

0.93

(0.60–1.45)

62 (7.9)

0.98

(0.64–1.51)

1.04

(0.67–1.61)

46 (10.6)

1.71

(1.30–2.60)

1.59

(1.05–2.43)

(pre)DM ADA classification

             

No (ref)

595 (48.9)

—

—

 

227 (50.6)

—

—

375 (48.0)

—

—

204 (47.2)

—

—

Pre-DM

550 (45.2)

1.03

(0.90–1.18)

1.04

(0.91–1.19)

 

198 (44.1)

0.91

(0.72–1.16)

0.93

(0.73–1.19)

362 (46.3)

1.13

(0.89–1.44)

1.16

(0.91–1.48)

199 (46.1)

1.09

(0.85–1.39)

1.06

(0.83–1.35)

DM

(Missing n = 0)

71 (5.8)

1.21

(0.90–1.60)

1.31

(0.98–1.76)

 

24 (5.3)

0.83

(0.49–1.39)

0.92

(0.54–1.56)

45 (5.8)

1.02

(0.61–1.69)

1.08

(0.65–1.81)

29 (6.7)

1.32

(0.80-21.19)

1.22

(0.74–2.03)

BMI#

(Missing n = 0)

28.6 (5.5)

1.02

(1.01–1.03)

1.02

(1.01–1.04)

 

28.7 (5.6)

1.01

(0.99–1.03)

1.01

(0.99–1.03)

28.4 (5.3)

0.99

(0.97–1.01)

0.99

(0.97–1.01)

29.7 (6.0)

1.06

(1.04–1.08)

1.06

(1.03–1.08)

Thyroid disease

             

No (ref)

1066 (87.7)

—

—

 

394 (87.8)

—

—

684 (87.5)

—

—

368 (85.2)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 0)

150

(12. 3)

1.71

(1.39–2.10)

1.36

(1.10–1.70)

 

55 (12.2)

0.99

(0.69–1.41)

0.88

(0.61–1.26)

98 (12.5)

1.05

(0.74–1.51)

1.07

(0.74–1.54)

64 (14.8)

1.41

(1.00–2.00)

1.40

(0.98–2.01)

SF12 PCS#

(Missing n = 0)

46.6 (10.9)

0.95

(0.95–0.96)

0.95

(0.95–0.96)

 

46.7 (11.3)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

1.00

(0.99–1.01)

46.8 (10.6)

1.01

(1.00-1.02)

1.00

(0.99–1.02)

43.5 (12.1)

0.96

(0.95–0.97)

0.96

(0.95–0.97)

Chronic ear infection

             

No (ref)

1090 (89.8)

—

—

 

401 (89.3)

—

—

694 (89.0)

—

—

384 (88.9)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 2)

124 (10.2)

1.98

(1.57–2.50)

1.93

(1.52–2.44)

 

48 (10.7)

1.09

(0.74–1.59)

1.01

(0.69–1.49)

86 (11.0)

1.29

(0.87–1.93)

1.25

(0.83–1.86)

48 (11.1)

1.16

(0.79–1.70)

1.23

(0.84–1.81)

Meniere’s disease

             

No (ref)

1177 (97.0)

—

—

 

423 (94.4)

—

—

756 (96.8)

—

—

415 (96.1)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 2)

37 (3.0)

8.07

(4.41–14.75)

7.55

(4.10-13.91)

 

25 (5.6)

3.71

(1.85–7.47)

3.94

(1.94–7.99)

25 (3.2)

1.16

(0.58–2.33)

0.23

(0.61–2.48)

17 (3.9)

1.56

(0.81–3.01)

1.44

(0.75–2.80)

Migraine

             

No (ref)

906 (74.6)

—

—

 

320 (71.4)

—

—

581 (74.5)

—

—

302 (70.1)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 2)

308 (25.4)

1.91

(1.63–2.23)

1.67

(1.42–1.96)

 

128 (28.6)

1.30

(1.00-1.70)

1.19

(0.91–1.56)

199 (25.5)

1.02

(0.78–1.34)

1.00

(0.76–1.32)

129 (29.9)

1.44

(1.11–1.88)

1.51

(1.15–1.97)

Hearing impairment

             

No (ref)

906 (74.8)

—

—

 

347 (77.3)

—

—

586 (75.1)

—

—

291 (67.5)

—

—

Yes

(Missing n = 4)

306 (25.2)

2.04

(1.54–2.69)

2.50

(1.88–3.34)

 

102 (22.7)

0.97

(0.62–1.54)

0.95

(0.71–1.26)

194 (24.9)

0.57

(0.37–0.89)

1.01

(0.77–1.34)

140 (32.5)

2.16

(1.39–3.36)

1.70

(1.29–2.23)

  1. Outcomes of univariate analysis of the association between experienced dizziness or imbalance and its nature in relation to general health characteristics. Values reported in n (%) or mean (SD) when indicated by #; CI = Confidence Interval, N = number, NA = not applicable by too low cases in the equation, OR = Odds Ratio, ref = reference category. Significant outcomes with p-values (p < 0.05) are depicted bold
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us