Table 3 Direct and indirect effects of renewable energy on depression

Renewable energy

−0.182^***

(0.017)

1.524^***

(0.354)

−0.056^***

(0.013)

0.534^*

(0.252)

−0.175^***

(0.016)

1.724^***

(0.397)

−0.045^***

(0.011)

0.448^*

(0.215)

Ln(PGDP)

−0.044^***

(0.004)

0.045

(0.049)

−0.020^***

(0.003)

−0.018

(0.044)

−0.044^***

(0.004)

0.055

(0.051)

−0.018^***

(0.003)

−0.013

(0.037)

RIAV

0.013

(0.016)

−0.157

(0.332)

0.009

(0.012)

0.481

(0.322)

0.009

(0.015)

−0.464

(0.345)

0.009

(0.010)

0.303

(0.267)

Ln(TP)

0.896^***

(0.009)

0.040

(0.150)

0.016^*

(0.007)

−0.328^*

(0.147)

0.882^***

(0.008)

0.053

(0.157)

0.008

(0.006)

−0.271^*

(0.125)

Ln(HW)

0.059^***

(0.007)

−0.018

(0.121)

−0.008

(0.005)

0.001

(0.107)

0.065^***

(0.006)

−0.131

(0.127)

−0.006

(0.005)

−0.001

(0.092)

SDI

0.722^***

(0.045)

0.246

(1.253)

0.144^***

(0.035)

1.724

(1.166)

0.714^***

(0.041)

0.806

(1.328)

0.138^***

(0.030)

1.517

(0.999)

\({\varvec{\rho}}\)

−1.033^***

(0.205)

−0.777^***

(0.209)

−0.785^***

(0.206)

−0.752^***

(0.210)