Table 6 Weighted Ordinal Logistic regression of the number of substances used to cope with COVID-19 stressors on stress and impact of discrimination, the Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander COVID-19 Needs Assessment Project, n = 3,159

Exposure and Impact of Discrimination

Racial/ethnic discrimination was greatest source of stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic (No ref.)

1.46

1.05–2.03

0.03

1.12

0.80–1.56

0.51

1.26

0.88–1.82

0.21

Racial/ethnic discrimination impacted family (No ref.)

1.10

0.80–1.51

0.56

1.02

0.74–1.42

0.90

0.98

0.69–1.39

0.92

Mean COVID Racial Bias Scale Score

1.50

1.19–1.90

0.001

1.38

1.09–1.75

0.008

1.24

0.92–1.67

0.17

Sum of COVID Stressors, Except Discrimination

1.18

1.13–1.24

< 0.001

1.15

1.08–1.21

< 0.001

Demographic Factors

Age Category (65 years old ref.)

18–24 years old

1.43

0.57–3.59

0.45

25–44 years old

3.21

1.32–7.81

0.01

45–64 years old

1.79

0.72–4.46

0.21

Gender (Man ref.)

Woman

0.60

0.46–0.79

< 0.001

Non-Binary, Trans, or Other

0.37

0.12–1.17

0.09

Race and Ethnicity (Multiracial Asian ref.)

Chinese

0.53

0.32–0.86

0.01

Filipino

1.05

0.67–1.64

0.84

Indian

0.86

0.49–1.50

0.59

Vietnamese

0.62

0.36–1.06

0.08

Korean

1.06

0.65–1.73

0.81

Japanese

1.72

0.77–3.82

0.19

Pakistani

1.01

0.44–2.32

0.99

Other Asian Ethnicity

0.32

0.15–0.71

0.005

Multiple Asian Ethnicities

1.02

0.59–1.77

0.94

Marital Status (Married or Living with Partner ref.)

Single

1.01

0.73–1.40

0.95

Divorced, Separated, or Widowed

1.29

0.67–2.47

0.45

Acculturative Factors

Immigrant to U.S. (Non-immigrant ref.)

0.46

0.34–0.62

< 0.001

Used English in Interview (Other Language ref.)

1.31

0.83–2.05

0.24

Socioeconomic Factors

Educational Attainment (Less than High School ref.)

High school graduate/GED

1.35

0.60–3.05

0.47

Some college or associate degree

1.24

0.60–2.56

0.56

Bachelor’s degree

1.43

0.69–2.95

0.33

Graduate degree

1.02

0.49–2.12

0.96

Household Income (< $25,000 ref.)

$25,000 to $34,999

1.22

0.70–2.16

0.48

$35,000 to $49,999

0.82

0.50–1.36

0.45

$50,000 to $74,999

0.88

0.55–1.41

0.60

$75,000 to $99,999

0.75

0.46–1.22

0.24

$100,000 or more

1.09

0.70–1.71

0.70

Health Factors

Preexisting/Current Health Conditions (No Chronic or Mental Conditions ref.)

Chronic Condition Only

1.43

0.97–2.11

0.07

Mental Health Condition Only

2.34

1.66–3.30

< 0.001

Has Both Chronic and Mental Health Condition

2.05

1.26–3.34

0.004

Survey Type (Community Organization ref.)

0.88

0.63–1.24

0.47