Table 2 Behaviour Change techniques (BCTs) and frequencies in public health unit (PHU) strategies/resources for COVID-19 vaccination
BCTs | PHU Strategies and resources | Frequency across PHUs |
|---|---|---|
3.1. Social support (unspecified) | Videos of community ambassadors, HCPs, and general public sharing personal experiences and reasons why they got vaccinated, clinics and information sharing at community hubs and events (e.g., faith centres, hair salons), encouraging discussions with peers and community members about getting vaccinated, engagement sessions with health experts of different cultural backgrounds, neighbourhood vaccine engagement and outreach teams | 40 |
3.2. Social support (practical) | Clinic transportation services and vouchers, low-barrier clinics with extended hours/childcare/accessibility supports (e.g., ramps, no insurance needed), clinics that can be requested and led by community members, neighbourhood vaccine engagement and outreach teams, town halls and webinars with HCPs, multilingual community ambassadors | 45 |
3.3. Social support (emotional)* | Clinic companions for mitigating needle fear | 1 |
4.1. Instruction on how to perform behaviour | Appointment booking links, clinic locations and access information (e.g., walk-in, parking, transit routes), how/where to get vaccinated webpages (e.g., search tool to find nearby clinic), eligibility information | 62 |
5.1. Information about health consequences | Information about benefits of vaccination and risks of COVID-19 infection | 76 |
5.2. Salience of consequences | Videos of community members describing impact of COVID-19 infection on themselves/loved ones (as reasons for getting vaccinated) | 3 |
5.3. Information about social and environmental consequences | “Protect others/loved ones” messaging, describing impact on community and disproportionate impact on Black communities | 8 |
6.1. Demonstration of the behaviour | “I received my first dose” graphic for sharing on social media; video testimonials of people at clinics during/after vaccination | 7 |
6.2. Social comparison | Sharing vaccination coverage rates, HCPs sharing why they got vaccinated, videos of community members talking about why they got or changed their mind about getting the vaccine, “I received my first dose” graphic for sharing on social media | 16 |
6.3. Information about others’ approval | Videos, town halls, and engagement sessions with HCPs providing information and answering questions, community ambassadors, members, and HCPs sharing why they got vaccinated and encouraging others to get vaccinated, “I received my first dose” graphic for sharing on social media | 27 |
7.1. Prompts/cues | Social media reminder posts, banners at the top of webpages with reminders about vaccination, physical and digital ad campaigns, auto-calls and mass text campaigns, flyers, community ambassador door-knocking programs | 29 |
8.6. Generalisation of target behaviour* | Combining with influenza vaccine reminders, messaging, and clinics | 1 |
9.1. Credible source* | Videos, town halls, and engagement sessions with HCPs answering questions and discussing safety and benefits of vaccination, community leaders and HCPs talking about why they got vaccinated | 27 |
10.1. Material incentive (behaviour) | Incentive programs (financial voucher) in shelter settings and for precariously housed populations | 1 |
10.2. Material reward (behaviour) | Financial voucher provided to those who get the vaccine in shelter settings and for precariously housed populations | 3 |
10.6. Nonspecific incentive | “Getting back to the things we love/normal” messaging | 3 |
11.2. Reduce negative emotions | Conversations, panels, and information sessions with community ambassadors and HCPs to address concerns about vaccination | 12 |
11.3. Conserve mental resources | Multilingual promotional materials (e.g., shared in person or via WhatsApp) and community ambassadors | 6 |
12.1. Restructuring the physical environment | Pop-up and community clinics (e.g., clinics at shopping centres, transit stations), mobile clinics (e.g., busses, vans), clinics with extended hours, childcare, walk-ins, or other access supports | 41 |
12.2. Restructuring the social environment | Community clinics, mobile clinics, pop-up clinics that can be requested and led by community members, social media ad campaigns and engagement sessions (e.g., WhatsApp), clinics and information sharing at community hubs and events (e.g., faith centres, hair salons) | 20 |
12.5. Adding objects to environment | Pop-up and community clinics (e.g., shopping centres, transit stations), mobile clinics (e.g., busses, vans) | 38 |