Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Number | Author (Year) | Drug Under Investigation | Sampling Location | Type of Chemotropic | Sampled Surfaces | Surface Sample Concentration (ng/cm2) | Air Sampling | Air Sample Concentration (ng/m3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jung et al. (2023) [16] | Doxorubicin | Veterinary operating room | PIPAC and RIPAC | PIPAC and RIPAC devices, around the surgical table | < 0.16−181.07 | Environmental sampling around the surgical table (near surgeons, nurses, or anesthesiologists), entry doors, or hallways) | ND* |
2 | Roussin et al. (2021) [17] | Cisplatin, Doxorubicin | Operating room | ePIPAC | Various surfaces (floor, injector sheet, cover sheet, perfusion bag) and personal protective equipment | Cisplatin: \(<959\) Doxorubicin:\(<0.00029\) | Environmental sampling (during drug preparation, syringe injection, and air waste management) | ND |
3 | Ametsbichler et al. (2018) [18] | Cisplatin / Oxaliplatin | operating room | PIPAC | Surgical room (injector, workstation, gloves) | 0.00001−1.733 | Continuous environmental sampling during PIPAC within 25–50 cm from the surgical table | \(<0.0031\) |
4 | Villa et al. (2015) [19] | Oxaliplatin | Operating room | - | Surgical table, various locations in the operating room, oxaliplatin perfusion bags, gloves, shoes of surgeons and nurses | \(ND-6.613\) | Environmental sampling (above the surgical field, near the oxaliplatin perfusion device, inside and outside the operating room, near the door) | 0.18−0.5 |
5 | Sessink et al. (2015) [20] | Cyclophosphamide | Pharmacy with robotic system | - | Surfaces inside and outside the cleanroom. Vials, bags, bag ports, gloves | \(\text{ND }- 0.33\) | Environmental sampling (in front of CytoCare (CC) and in front of the biological safety cabinets (BSCs)opposite of CC) and personal sampling (the technicians handling CC) | ND |
6 | Kushnir et al. (2013) [21] | Cyclophosphamide | operating room | - | - | \(\text{ND }- 0.8\) | Environmental and personal breathing zone sampling area (the inpatient pharmacy during chemotherapy solution preparation; the operating room; before, during, and after the mock procedure; during the cleaning of the operating room, and during the sterilization of the surgical equipment) | ND |
7 | Gorná et al. (2011) [22] | 5-Fluorouracil | Hospital pharmacy and outpatient clinic | - | - | \(<0.0000075\) | Environmental sampling | \(<4.3\) |
8 | Huang et al. (2010) [23] | 5-Fluorouracil | pharmacy intravenous admixture service of a hospital | - | the surface of different areas in PIVAS and personal protective equipments | 0.11−99.89 | Environmental sampling | ND |
9 | Sessink et al. (1994) [24] | 5-Fluorouracil | Pharmaceutical manufacturing plant | - | - | \(<1- 630\) | - | \(75000\) |
10 | Sessink et al. (1992) [25] | Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, 5-Fluorouracil, Methotrexate | Clinical pharmacy, preparation section (Administration), oncology section (Administration) | - | Work trays, floors, entry points, gloves in the preparation room | cyclophosphamide: ND ifosfamide: ND methotrexate: ND fluorouracil:\(0 - 0.5\) | Environmental sampling (during preparation of the drugs) | ND |