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Table 3 Hazard ratios for racial/ethnic differences in the associations between perceived support and incident hard cardiovascular disease events

From: Racial/ethnic differences in the associations between social support and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

 

Model 0

 

Model 1

 

Model 2

 

Model 3

 

Model 4

 

Model 5

HR (95% CI)

p

 

HR (95% CI)

p

 

HR (95% CI)

p

 

HR (95% CI)

p

 

HR (95% CI)

p

 

HR (95% CI)

p

Overall Support

(n = 6,741)

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

  

0.88 (0.81–0.96)

  

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

  

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

  

0.89 (0.81–0.97)

  

0.89 (0.81–0.97)

 

Race × Overall Support

 

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

White

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

 

Black

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

  

0.97 (0.79–1.20)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.18)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.17)

 

Chinese

1.40 (0.94–2.08)

  

1.33 (0.90–1.97)

  

1.28 (0.87–1.89)

  

1.31 (0.89–1.95)

  

1.32 (0.89–1.95)

  

1.33 (0.90–1.96)

 

Hispanic/Latino

0.98 (0.79–1.20)

  

0.99 (0.81–1.22)

  

0.97 (0.79–1.20)

  

0.97 (0.79–1.20)

  

0.98 (0.80–1.21)

  

0.98 (0.80–1.21)

 

Emotional Support

(n = 6,744)

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

  

0.88 (0.81–0.96)

  

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

  

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

  

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

  

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

 

Race × Emotional Support

 

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

White

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

 

Black

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

  

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

  

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

  

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

  

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

  

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

 

Chinese

1.25 (0.86–1.83)

  

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

  

1.18 (0.81–1.72)

  

1.20 (0.82–1.76)

  

1.24 (0.85–1.80)

  

1.24 (0.85–1.80)

 

Hispanic/Latino

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

  

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

  

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

  

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.16)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.16)

 

Informational Support

(n = 6,753)

0.92 (0.84-1.00)

  

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

  

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

  

0.92 (0.85–1.01)

  

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

  

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

 

Race × Informational Support

 

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

White

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

 

Black

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

  

0.94 (0.76–1.17)

  

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

  

0.91 (0.74–1.14)

  

0.93 (0.74–1.15)

  

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

 

Chinese

1.23 (0.86–1.76)

  

1.24 (0.87–1.77)

  

1.19 (0.83–1.70)

  

1.22 (0.85–1.75)

  

1.25 (0.87–1.80)

  

1.26 (0.88–1.81)

 

Hispanic/Latino

0.94 (0.77–1.16)

  

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

  

0.95 (0.78–1.17)

  

0.95 (0.77–1.16)

  

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

  

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

 

Instrumental Support

(n = 6,755)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

  

0.92 (0.84-1.00)

  

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

  

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

  

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

  

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

 

Race × Instrumental Support

 

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

  

0.85

White

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

  

1.00 Ref

 

Black

1.16 (0.93–1.43)

  

1.19 (0.96–1.48)

  

1.15 (0.93–1.43)

  

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

  

1.16 (0.94–1.44)

  

1.16 (0.94–1.44)

 

Chinese

1.45 (1.02–2.07)

  

1.39 (0.98–1.97)

  

1.34 (0.94–1.89)

  

1.35 (0.95–1.92)

  

1.29 (0.91–1.83)

  

1.29 (0.91–1.84)

 

Hispanic/Latino

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

  

1.19 (0.96–1.48)

  

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

  

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

  

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

  

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

 
  1. Model 0 presents the unadjusted results
  2. Model 1 adjusts for demographics: age, gender
  3. Model 2 adjusts for socioeconomic status: education, income, health insurance
  4. Model 3 adjusts for lifestyle and psychosocial factors: intentional exercise, diet, smoking status, smoking pack-years, alcohol status, lifetime perceived discrimination, lifetime chronic stress (burden)
  5. Model 4 adjusts for clinical risk factors: body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, statin medication use, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension medication use, diabetes medication use, fasting glucose
  6. Model 5 adjusts for immigration history
  7. Results are reported for main effects models (no interaction term between race and each support variable) and interaction models (interaction term between race and each support variable). Each p-value was corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure and indicates whether the interaction model had a better fit to the data compared to the main effects model, as assessed via a likelihood ratio test. Statistically significant HRs after the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure are bolded. The n represents the number of observations included in all models, which excludes missing observations for the specified social support variable, hard CVD event, and/or time to hard CVD event
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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