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Table 2 Racial/ethnic differences in perceived social support

From: Racial/ethnic differences in the associations between social support and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

 

Unadjusted Model

Adjusted Model

Estimated

Mean

p

Estimated

Mean

p

Overall Support

(n = 6,768)

   

 White

4.02

—

4.00

—

 Black

4.05

0.39

4.15

< 0.001

 Chinese

3.97

0.22

3.93

0.22

 Hispanic/Latino

4.04

0.56

4.12

0.004

Emotional Support

(n = 6,771)

   

 White

4.18

—

4.14

—

 Black

4.22

0.22

4.31

< 0.001

 Chinese

4.09

0.029

4.06

0.14

 Hispanic/Latino

4.19

0.68

4.27

0.003

Informational Support

(n = 6,780)

   

 White

4.04

—

4.01

—

 Black

4.16

< 0.001

4.22

< 0.001

 Chinese

3.92

0.013

3.84

0.010

 Hispanic/Latino

4.08

0.25

4.12

0.023

Instrumental Support

(n = 6,782)

   

 White

3.38

—

3.41

—

 Black

3.24

0.008

3.42

0.76

 Chinese

3.55

0.010

3.52

0.22

 Hispanic/Latino

3.39

0.75

3.50

0.17

  1. The unadjusted model presents the unadjusted means
  2. The adjusted model presents the estimated marginal means adjusted for: age, gender, education, income, health insurance, intentional exercise, diet, smoking status, smoking pack-years, alcohol status, lifetime perceived discrimination, lifetime chronic stress (burden), body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, statin medication use, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension medication use, diabetes medication use, fasting glucose, and immigration history
  3. Each p-value was corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure and indicates whether there was a significant difference in perceived support between White participants (the reference group) and the specified racial/ethnic group. The n represents the number of observations included in all models, which excludes missing observations for the specified social support variable