Conspiracy narratives and vaccine hesitancy: a scoping review of prevalence, impact, and interventions

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Overview of quantity of articles tested interventions to reduce the impact of vaccine related conspiracy narratives

	Debunking	Prebunking	Health literacy	Transparent communication	Fact checking labels	Social norm feedback
Studies	5	2	1	2	1	1
N	2,218	435	1,448	13,791	206	202
Quantity of studies that identified an effect on
Belief in vaccine related conspiracy narratives	1			1	1	1
Vaccination intention	3
Vaccination intention mediated by belief in conspiracy narratives		2
No effect	1		1	1

Note: The table presents the quantity of articles tested interventions to reduce the impact of vaccine related conspiracy narratives and their identified effects. The tested interventions includes: Debunking (i.e., presenting counterarguments after the exposure to conspiracy narratives [223]), Prebunking (i.e., presenting counterarguments before the exposure to conspiracy narratives [206]), Health literacy (i.e., the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information [221]), Transparent communication (i.e., communicating certainties and uncertainties [182], Fact checking labels (i.e., a label on social media that labels the fallacy of misinformation [225]) and Social norm feedback (i.e., information about appropriate social behaviour [222])

ISSN: 1471-2458