Table 1 Characteristics and prevalence of substance use among the respondents (n = 7576)
Study Variables | Sample n (%) a | Substance Abuse | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol | Marijuana | Tobacco | |||||
n (%) a | P–value | n (%) a | P–value | n (%) a | P–value | ||
Total | 7576 (100) | 1917 (25.8) | 937 (12.7) | 2240 (30.7) | |||
Explanatory variables | |||||||
Parental Homework Supervision | |||||||
Yes | 1992 (26.8) | 404 (21.0) | 0.001*** | 191 (9.8) | 0.001*** | 496 (23.7) | 0.001*** |
No | 5584 (73.2) | 1513 (27.5) | 746 (13.8) | 1744 (32.4) | |||
Parents Understand Problems | |||||||
Yes | 3353 (44.2) | 743 (22.5) | 0.001*** | 343 (10.5) | 0.001*** | 877 (27.0) | 0.001*** |
No | 4223 (55.8) | 1174 (28.4) | 594 (14.5) | 1363 (33.6) | |||
Parental Free Time Supervision | |||||||
Yes | 2714 (36.4) | 505 (18.9) | 0.001*** | 234 (9.0) | 0.001*** | 643 (24.5) | 0.001*** |
No | 4862 (63.6) | 1412 (29.7) | 703 (14.9) | 1597 (34.3) | |||
Socio-demographics | |||||||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 3428 (48.1) | 1226 (35.5) | 0.001*** | 759 (21.8) | 0.001*** | 1523 (44.5) | 0.001*** |
Female | 4148 (51.9) | 691 (16.7) | 178 (4.3) | 717 (17.9) | |||
Age | |||||||
≤13 | 1047 (14.8) | 137 (13.9) | 0.001*** | 60 (6.0) | 0.001*** | 176 (18.4) | 0.001*** |
14–16 | 3761 (49.0) | 868 (23.6) | 423 (11.6) | 1053 (29.2) | |||
≥16 | 2768 (36.2) | 912 (33.5) | 454 (17.0) | 1011 (37.8) | |||
Socio-emotional distress | |||||||
No close friends | |||||||
Yes | 699 (9.1) | 136 (20.3) | 0.005** | 66 (9.8) | 0.031* | 171 (25.4) | 0.008** |
No | 6877 (90.9) | 1718 (26.3) | 871 (13.0) | 2069 (31.2) | |||
Anxiety | |||||||
Yes | 628 (8.2) | 221 (35.3) | 0.001*** | 107 (17.0) | 0.006** | 252 (40.7) | 0.001*** |
No | 6948 (91.8) | 1696 (24.9) | 830 (12.3) | 1988 (29.8) | |||
Bullied | |||||||
Yes | 1968 (26.3) | 603 (30.9) | 0.001*** | 266 (13.6) | 0.201 | 690 (36.3) | 0.001*** |
No | 5608 (73.7) | 1314 (23.9) | 671 (12.4) | 1550 (28.7) | |||
Physically Attacked | |||||||
Yes | 2871 (38.3) | 942 (33.3) | 0.001*** | 508 (17.8) | 0.001*** | 1101 (39.3) | 0.001*** |
No | 4705 (61.7) | 975 (21.1) | 429 (9.5) | 1139 (25.4) | |||
Physical Fights | |||||||
Yes | 2930 (39.0) | 1038 (35.7) | 0.001*** | 598 (20.6) | 0.001*** | 1234 (43.4) | 0.001*** |
No | 4646 (61.0) | 879 (19.4) | 339 (7.7) | 1006 (22.6) | |||
Contextual Factors | |||||||
Peer Support | |||||||
Yes | 3196 (42.2) | 746 (23.7) | 0.002** | 330 (10.5) | 0.001*** | 852 (27.7) | 0.001*** |
No | 4380 (57.8) | 1171 (27.3) | 607 (14.4) | 1388 (32.9) | |||
Loneliness | |||||||
Yes | 1011 (13.1) | 304 (29.9) | 0.009** | 152 (15.3) | 0.020* | 346 (34.8) | 0.008** |
No | 6565 (86.9) | 1613 (25.1) | 785 (12.3) | 1894 (30.1) | |||
Passive Smoking | |||||||
Yes | 3675 (49.9) | 1432 (39.0) | 0.001*** | 813 (22.1) | 0.001*** | 1800 (49.8) | 0.001*** |
No | 3901 (50.1) | 485 (12.5) | 124 (3.3) | 440 (11.6) | |||
School Truancy | |||||||
Yes | 1882 (25.3) | 731 (39.1) | 0.001*** | 432 (23.1) | 0.001*** | 872 (47.2) | 0.001*** |
No | 5694 (74.7) | 1186 (21.2) | 505 (9.2) | 1368 (25.1) | |||