Table 1 Distribution of mental health outcomes at each data collection wave

ALSPAC (N = 9707)

 Internalising

8453

4 ± 0.1

7258

6.8 ± 0.2

6876

8.2 ± 0.1

6525

9.6 ± 0.1

5929

11.7 ± 0.1

5775

13.2 ± 0.2

4491

16.8 ± 0.3

 Externalising

8428

4 ± 0.1

7463

6.8 ± 0.2

6902

8.2 ± 0.1

6597

9.6 ± 0.1

6054

11.7 ± 0.1

5941

13.2 ± 0.2

4613

16.8 ± 0.3

CHOP (N = 662)

 Internalising

574

5.5 ± 0.1

514

11.1 ± 0.1

 Externalising

574

5.5 ± 0.1

514

11.1 ± 0.1

DNBC (N = 55163)

 Internalising

42410

7 ± 0

35596

11.2 ± 0.4

33447

18 ± 0

 Externalising

42380

7 ± 0

35596

11.2 ± 0.4

33447

18 ± 0

EDEN (N = 1426)

 Internalising

1302

3.2 ± 0.1

1175

5.6 ± 0.2

872

8.1 ± 0.1

 Externalising

1302

3.2 ± 0.1

1175

5.6 ± 0.2

872

8.1 ± 0.1

GenR (N = 6726)

 Internalising

5539

1.9 ± 0.7

2283

3.1 ± 0.2

4775

6.1 ± 0.5

3598

9.7 ± 0.3

 Externalising

5906

1.9 ± 0.7

2436

3.1 ± 0.2

4923

6.1 ± 0.5

3167

9.7 ± 0.3

MoBa (N = 73042)

 Internalising

63929

1.5 ± 0

51271

3.1 ± 0.1

23612

5.2 ± 0.2

 Externalising

62613

1.5 ± 0

50676

3.1 ± 0.1

36128

5.2 ± 0.2

The Raine study (N = 2294)

 Internalising

1661

2.1 ± 0.1

1809

5.9 ± 0.2

1730

8.1 ± 0.3

1646

10.6 ± 0.2

 Externalising

1677

2.1 ± 0.1

1945

5.9 ± 0.2

1815

8.1 ± 0.3

1707

10.6 ± 0.2

Rhea (N = 584)

 Internalising

563

6.6 ± 0.3

332

11 ± 0.3

 Externalising

563

6.6 ± 0.3

332

11 ± 0.3