Table 5 Distribution of ED presentations by opioid use context

A. Presenting poisoning effect

(n = 7,522   % of total visits [95% CI] = 92.7% [92.1 – 93.3%] )

opioid use context

A1. poisoning effect only

A2. with (1) unintentional or self-inflicted injuries under the influence of opioids; or (2) injuries sustained during a conflict related to opioids; or (3) being sexually assaulted related to opioids

A3. with injuries (cuts, burns etc.) sustained during opioid administration

A4. with injuries not related to opioid use

I. Non-prescribed opioid use, without intention to cause harm

3,296 (88.2%)

341 (9.1%)

5 (0.1%)

97 (2.6%)

II. Medication error

170 (94.4%)

10 (5.5%)

0 (0%)

2 (1.1%)

III. Children’s exposure

278 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

IV. Mother’s opioid use

10 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

V. Medical treatment

13 (81.3%)

3 (18.7%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

VI. Other context, without intention to cause harm

30 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

VII. Unclear context, without intention to cause harm

1,580 (97.8%)

18 (1.1%)

9 (0.6%)

8 (0.5%)

VIII. Self-poisoning

911 (99.0%)

9 (1.0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

IX. Poisoned by opioids

12 (66.7%)

6 (33.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

X. Unclear context, undetermined intent to cause harm

711 (99.6%)

2 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.1%)

B. Presenting opioid withdrawal effect

(n = 89   % of total visits [95% CI] = 1.1% [0.9 – 1.3%])

opioid use context

B1. withdrawal effect only

B2. with unintentional or self-inflicted injuries caused by withdrawal effect

B3. with injuries (cuts, burns etc.) sustained during opioid administration

B4. with injuries not related to opioid

I. Non-prescribed opioid use, without intention to cause harm

54 (96.4%)

1 (1.8%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.8%)

V. Medical treatment

18 (90%)

1 (5%)

0 (0%)

1 (5%)

VII. Unclear context, without intention to cause harm

11 (84.6%)

1 (7.7%)

0 (0%)

1 (7.7%)

C. no opioid poisoning effect presented, but the injuries were related to opioid use

(n = 427   % of total visits [95% CI] = 5.3% [4.8 – 5.8%])

opioid use context

C1. (1) unintentional or self-inflicted injuries under the influence of opioids; or (2) injuries sustained during a conflict related to opioids; or (3) being sexually assaulted related to opioids

C2. Needle-related skin problems or burns sustained during opioid administration

I. Non-prescribed opioid use, without intention to cause harm

254 (87.9%)

35 (12.1%)

II. Medication error

33 (100%)

0 (0%)

V. Medical treatment

8 (100%)

0 (0%)

VI. Other context, without intention to cause harm

2 (100%)

0 (0%)

VII. Unclear context, without intention to cause harm

87 (98.9%)

1 (1.1%)

VIII. Self-poisoning

5 (100%)

0 (0%)

X. Unclear context, undetermined intent to cause harm

2 (100%)

0 (0%)

D. The main purpose of ED visit was related to opioids (e.g. to request rehabilitation, to refill opioid prescription, for screening), but there were no poisonings or injuries related to opioids. The patient could have injuries not related to opioids.

(n = 56   % of total visits [95% CI] = 0.7% [0.5 – 0.9%])

opioid use context

D1. no poisonings/injuries

D2. with injuries not related to opioid use

I. Non-prescribed opioid use, without intention to cause harm

17 (85%)

3 (15%)

III. Children’s exposure

16 (94.1%)

1 (5.9%)

V. Medical treatment

7 (77.8%)

2 (22.2%)

VII. Unclear context, without intention to cause harm

3 (100%)

0 (0%)

VIII. Self-poisoning

2 (40%)

3 (60%)

X. Unclear context, undetermined intent to cause harm

1 (50%)

1 (50%)