Table 4 Quality appraisal
Author (year) | Criterion | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
Qualitative studies | |||||||||||||
 Bjorkvik, 2021 [40] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Ho, 2018 [42] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Kulpers, 2018 [58] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 McKibbin, 2015 [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Persson, 2010 [22] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Villadsen, 2017 [43] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Wright, 2021 [44] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Mishu, 2022 [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Cross sectional studies | |||||||||||||
 Agarwal, 2021 [35] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | |||||
 Alkan, 2015 [48] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Anita, 2019 [49] | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Bertaud-Gounot, 2013 [50] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Gurbuz, 2011 [55] | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Hall, 2018 [45] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | |||||
 Hede, 1992 [30] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | X | X | |||||
 Hede 1995 [36] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Kebede, 2012 [54] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | |||||
 Lalloo, 2013 [51] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Lopes, 2021 [52] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Nayak, 2020 [53] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
 Ngo, 2018 [37] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Persson, 2009 [46] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Sogi, 2020 [38] | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
 Tani, 2012 [56] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Teng, 2011 [31] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
 Tredget, 2019 [57] | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
 Waplington, 2000 [47] | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | |||||
Cohort studies | |||||||||||||
 Stevens, 2010 [33] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
 Yoshi, 2017 [61] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
 Neilson, 2011 [60] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
 Khokhar, 2011 [32] | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | ||||
Randomised controlled trials | |||||||||||||
 Adams, 2018 [34] | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
 Almomani, 2009 [28] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
 Kuo, 2020 [29] | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | X | X |
Case Control | |||||||||||||
 Janardhananan, 2011 [59] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
 Kuipers, 2022 [58] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||