Table 2 Study demographics
Author, year of publication | Country | Methodology/ Method | Sample size/ Setting | Sample characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Gender | Diagnosis and percentage of participants | ||||
Adams et al., 2018 [34] | UK | Quantitative/ randomised controlled trial | n = 1095 Community | 18 and over | M = 66.3% (726), F = 33.7% (369) | Psychotic illness |
Agarwal et al., 2021 [35] | India | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 111 Community | 15–60 | M = 75% 83, F = 25%28 | Schizophrenia |
Alkan et al., 2015 [48] | Turkey | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 364 Community | 18–65 | M = 46.4% (169), F = 53.6% (195) | Anxiety, Depression and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder |
Almomani et al., 2009 [28] | USA | Quantitative | n = 60 Community | 22–62 | M = 45% (27), F = 55% (33) | Schizophrenia = 57.1% Schizoaffective = 5.3% Bipolar Affective Disorder = 12.5% Depression = 32.1% |
Anita et al., 2019 [49] | India | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 304 Community | 18–71 | M = 52.3% (159), F = 47.7% (145) | Schizophrenia M = 36%, F = 21%, Mood disorder M = 7%, F = 46%, Organic brain damage M = 34%, F = 14%, Other M = 23%, F = 19% |
Bertaud-Gounot et al., 2013 [50] | France | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 161 In-patient | 18–90 | M = 59% (95), F = 41% (66) | Schizophrenia = 36.6% Mood disorders = 21.1%, Mental disorders due to psychoactive substance use = 12.4% Organic = 8.1% Mental retardation = 7.5% Neurotic, stress related and somatoform disorders = 3.7%, Disorders of psychological development = 3.7% Personality disorders = 2.5% Behavioural and emotional disorders onset in childhood and adolescents = 1.2% |
Bjorkvik et al., 2021 [40] | Norway | Qualitative/ semi-structured interviews | n = 51 Community | 22–78 | M = 35% (18), F = 65% (33) | Anxiety disorders = 70.6% Mood disorders = 66.7% Psychosis in Bipolar disorder = 34.4% Severe traumatic experiences = 54.9% Cognitive disabilities = 29.4% Severe somatic illness = 47.1% |
Gurbuz 2011 [55] | Istanbul, Turkey | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 330 In-patient | 22–82 | M = 54.2% (179), F = 35.8% (151) | Schizophrenia = 61.8% Mental retardation = 30.6% Organic mental disorder = 3.3% Atypical psychosis = 4.2% |
Hall et al., 2018 [45] | USA | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 186 Community | 18–83 | M = 31.7% (59), F = 68.3% (127) | Schizophrenia = 30.7% BPAD = 23.1% Depression = 17.2% PTSD = 14.0% Anxiety = 7.5% ADHD = 4.3% Other = 1.6% prefer not to answer = 1.3% |
Hede, et al., 1992 [30] | Denmark | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 84 In-patient | 20–64 | M = 35.7% (30), F = 64.3% (54) | Schizophrenia = 51% Manic-depression 10% Reactive psychosis = 25% Other = 14% |
Hede, B. 1995 [36] | Denmark | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 240 Community | 20–64 | M = 60% (144), F = 40% (96) | Schizophrenia = 33% Mood disorders = 30% Anxiety disorders = 21% Other = 16% |
Ho et al., 2018 [42] | Australia | Qualitative/ focus-groups and semi-structured interviews | n = 12 Community | 18 and over | M = 33.3% (4), F = 66.6% (8) | Not reported |
Janardhanan et al., 2011 [59] | USA | Quantitative/ cross-sectional comparison | n = 311 Community | 55 +  | M = 32.8% (102), F = 67.2% (209) | Schizophrenia |
Kebede et al., 2012 [54] | Ethiopia | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 240 In-patient | 15–68 | M = 70% (168), F = 30% (72) | Depression = 65.8% psychotic disorder = 17.5% anxiety disorder = 8.3% 2.1% = epilepsy bipolar disorder = 1.7% other = 4.6% |
Khokhar, et al., 2011 [32] | UK | Quantitative/ pre-post test | n = 59 In-patient | 22–76 | M = 67.8% (40), F = 32.2% (19) | Not reported |
Kuipers et al., 2018 [41] | Netherlands | Qualitative/ open-ended interviews | n = 30 Community | 18–35 | M = 60% (18), F = 40% (12) | First episode psychosis |
Kuipers et al., 2022 [58] | Netherlands | Quantitative/ case–control | n = 81 Community | 18–35 | Case group: M = 52, F = ,29 Control group M = 107, F = 59 | First episode psychosis |
Kuo et al., 2020 [29] | Taiwan | Quantitative/ Randomised controlled trial | n = 58 In-patient | 20 and over | NR | Schizophrenia = 87.9%, Mood disorder = 1% Organic mental illness = 4% Other = 2% |
Lalloo et al., 2013 [51] | Australia | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 50 Community | 20–83 | M = 80% (40), F = 20% (10) | Schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses = 76%, Schizoaffective = 18% Bipolar Affective Disorder = 2% |
Lopes et al., 2021 [52] | Brazil | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 753 Community | NR | M = 48.6% (366), F = 51.4% (387) | Schizophrenia, depression |
McKibbin et al., 2015 [24] | USA | Qualitative/semi-structured interviews | n = 25 Community | 35–63 | M = 52% (13), F = 48% (12) | Bipolar Affective Disorder = 52% Schizophrenia = 28% Schizoaffective disorder = 16% Major depression =  < 1% |
Mishu et al., 2022 [39] | UK | Qualitative/ interviews | n = 7 Community | 31- > 60 | M = 43% (3), F = 57% (4) | Schizophrenia = 57% Bipolar disorder = 43% |
Nayak et al., 2020 [53] | India | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | Community | 21–70 | NR | Depression, schizophrenia, mood disorder, mania |
Ngo et al., 2018 [37] | Singapore | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 191 In-patient | 24–80 | M = 74.9% (143), F = 25.1% (48) | Schizophrenia = 88.5% Intellectual disability = 4.7% Other = 6.8% |
Nielsen et al., 2011 [60] | Denmark | Quantitative/ prospective database study | n = 21,417 Community/ inpatient | 18 and over | M = 59%, F = 41% | Schizophrenia |
Persson et al., 2009 [46] | Sweden | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 113 Community | 21–64 | M = 40.7% (46), F = 59.3% (67) | Schizophrenia = 33% Mood disorders = 30% Anxiety disorders = 21% Other = 16% |
Persson et al., 2010 [22] | Sweden | Qualitative/ longitudinal intervention | n = 10 Community- supported housing | NR | M = 30% (3), F = 70% (7) | Schizophrenia |
Sogi 2020 [38] | Haryana, India | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 165 Community | 18–70 | M = 58.8% (97), F = 41.2% (68) | Mood disorder = 30.9% Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorder = 30.9 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use = 22.4% Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorder = 11.5%, Epilepsy = 4.3% |
Stevens et al., 2010 [33] | UK | Quantitative/ pre-post test | N = 65 In-patient | NR | NR | Not reported |
Tani et al., 2012 [56] | Japan | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 523 In-patient | 18–87 | M = 56.8% (297), F = 43.2% (226) | Schizophrenia = 97.7% Schizoaffective disorder- 0.95% Delusional disorder = 1.14% Acute and transient psychotic disorder = 0.19% |
Teng et al., 2011 [31] | Taiwan | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | n = 200 In-patient | NR | M = 62.5% (125), F = 37.5% (75) | Schizophrenia = 61%, Bipolar Affective Disorder = 14.5% Major depressive disorder = 11.5% Organic mental disorder = 11% Other = 2% |
Tredget et al., 2019 [57] | Wales | Quantitative/ cross-sectional | Community | 20–82 | M = 64.2%, F = 35.8% | Schizophrenia |
Villadsen et al., 2017 [43] | Denmark | Qualitative/ open interviews | n = 23 Community | 21–58 | M = 47.9% (11), F = 52.1% (12) | Schizophrenia |
Waplington et al., 2000 [47] | UK | Mixed/Semi-structured interviews | n = 70 Community | NR | M = 55.7% (39), F = 44.3% (31) | Not reported |
Wright et al., 2021 [44] | USA | Qualitative/ interviews | n = 20 Community | 21–63 | M = 40% (8), F = 60% (12) | Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Major depressive disorder = 70% Borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic disorder, anxiety disorder, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder = 30% |
Yoshii et al., 2017 [61] | Japan | Quantitative/ pre-post test | n = 323 Community- Day center | NR | M = 62.5% (202), F = 37.5% (121) | Schizophrenia = 64.4% Mood disorders = 23.2% other = 6.5% unknown = 5.9% |