Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from a cross-sectional study

Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Das, Pritimoy; Lam, Louisa; Alif, Sheikh M.; Sultana, Farhana; Salehin, Masudus; Banik, Biswajit; Joseph, Bindu; Parul, Parul; Lewis, Andrew; Statham, Dixie; Porter, Joanne; Foster, Kim; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Cross, Wendy; Jacob, Alycia; Hua, Susan; Wang, Qun; Chair, Sek Ying; Chien, Wai Tong; Widati, Sri; Nurmala, Ira; Puspaningsih, Ni Nyoman Tri; Hammoud, Majeda; Omar, Khatijah; Halim, Muhammad Abi Sofian Abdul; Gamal-Eltrabily, Mohammed; Ortiz, Georgina; Al Maskari, Turkiya Saleh; Al Alawi, Salwa Saleh Mohammed; Al-Rahbi, Badriya Saleh; Arulappan, Judie; Ahmad, Akhlaq; Al Laham, Nahed; Mahmud, Ilias; Alasqah, Ibrahim; Noorbhai, Habib; Chang, Shao-Liang; Chen, Yi-Lung; Comlekci, Mehmet Fatih; Basol, Oguz; Saddik, Basema; Hayman, Rick; Polman, Remco

doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19365-1

Table 6 Country-wise analyses for job insecurity, perceived burnout, higher psychological distress and high resilient coping among the study participants

From: Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from a cross-sectional study

Characteristics	JIS scale				Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	No job insecurity (total score 1–3)		Job insecurity (total score 4–5)		Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	n	%	n	%	p	ORs	95% CIs	p	AORs	95% CIs
Country/area of residence
Turkey (Lowest prevalence category)	138	93.88	9	6.12		Ref			Ref
Indonesia	57	93.44	4	6.56	0.906	1.08	0.32–3.63	Not selected in the multivariate model
Kuwait	87	90.62	9	6.56	0.347	1.59	0.61–4.15
Oman	79	91.86	7	8.14	0.558	1.36	0.49–3.79
Malaysia	142	91.61	13	8.39	0.451	1.40	0.58–3.39
Taiwan, China	42	91.30	4	8.70	0.545	1.46	0.43–4.98
Palestine	83	91.21	8	8.79	0.44	1.48	0.55–3.97
United Kingdom	308	89.53	36	10.47	0.131	1.79	0.84–3.82
Mexico	282	89.24	34	10.76	0.114	1.84	0.86–3.96
South Africa	55	84.62	10	15.38	*0.035*	*2.78*	*1.07–7.23*
Mainland China	115	83.94	22	16.06	*0.010*	*2.93*	*1.29–6.62*
Hong Kong, China	153	82.26	33	17.74	*0.002*	*3.31*	*1.52–7.16*
Pakistan	30	81.08	7	18.92	*0.019*	*3.58*	*1.24–10.4*	0.011	3.08	1.29–7.38
Saudi Arabia	36	76.60	11	23.40	*0.002*	*4.69*	*1.80–12.2*	*0.003*	*3.23*	*1.48–7.03*
United Arab Emirates	86	74.78	29	25.22	< *0.001*	*5.17*	*2.34–11.5*	< *0.001*	*3.11*	*1.91–5.08*
Australia	311	73.35	113	26.65	< *0.001*	*5.57*	*2.75–11.3*	< *0.001*	*2.38*	*1.76–3.21*
Characteristics	Burnout scale				Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	No perceived burnout (score 1–4)		Perceived burnout (score 5–7)		Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	n	%	n	%	p	ORs	95% CIs	p	AORs	95% CIs
Country/area of residence
] Pakistan (Lowest prevalence category)	36	97.30	1	2.70		Ref			Ref
Indonesia	53	86.89	8	13.11	0.118	5.43	0.66–45.3	Not selected in the multivariate model
Turkey	121	82.31	26	17.69	*0.048*	*7.74*	*1.01–59.0*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Oman	68	79.07	18	20.93	*0.031*	*9.52*	*1.22–74.3*	*0.009*	*2.51*	*1.25–5.04*
Malaysia	121	78.06	34	21.94	*0.025*	*10.1*	*1.34–76.5*	< *0.001*	*2.77*	*1.58–4.82*
United Kingdom	261	76.32	81	23.68	*0.018*	*11.7*	*1.51–82.8*	*0.002*	*2.10*	*1.21–3.37*
Hong Kong, China	135	72.97	50	27.03	*0.012*	*13.3*	*1.78–99.8*	*0.010*	*2.01*	*1.18–3.41*
Kuwait	69	71.88	27	28.12	*0.011*	*14.1*	*10.8–108*	< *0.001*	*3.81*	*2.05–7.07*
Taiwan, China	33	71.74	13	28.26	*0.013*	*14.2*	*1.76–114*	0.014	2.77	1.23–6.23
Saudi Arabia	33	70.21	14	29.79	*0.010*	*15.3*	*1.90–123*	*0.001*	*3.99*	*1.83–8.72*
Palestine	63	69.23	28	30.77	*0.008*	*16.0*	*2.09–123*	< *0.001*	*3.96*	*2.14–7.35*
United Arab Emirates	79	68.70	36	31.30	*0.007*	*16.4*	*2.16–124*	< *0.001*	*3.81*	*2.11–6.88*
Mexico	214	67.72	102	32.28	*0.005*	*17.2*	*2.32–127*	< *0.001*	*5.31*	*3.27–8.62*
South Africa	42	64.62	23	35.38	*0.004*	*19.7*	*2.53–153*	*0.001*	*3.38*	*1.69–6.78*
Mainland China	86	62.77	51	37.23	*0.003*	*21.4*	*2.84–161*	< *0.001*	*3.51*	*2.02–6.11*
Australia	250	59.24	172	40.76	*0.002*	*24.8*	*3.36–182*	< *0.001*	*5.27*	*3.34–8.31*
Characteristics	K-10 scale				Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	Low psychological distress (total score 10–15)		Moderate to Very high psychological distress (total score 16–50)		Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	n	%	n	%	p	ORs	95% CIs	p	AORs	95% CIs
Country/area of residence
Oman (Lowest prevalence category)	33	39.29	51	60.71		Ref			Ref
Mexico	106	34.42	202	65.58	0.410	1.23	0.75–2.02	Not selected in the multivariate model
Pakistan	12	33.33	24	66.67	0.538	1.29	0.57–2.93	Not selected in the multivariate model
United Kingdom	113	33.24	227	66.76	0.297	1.29	0.79–2.12	< *0.001*	*0.55*	*0.40–0.76*
Kuwait	29	30.53	66	69.47	0.220	1.47	0.79–2.73	Not selected in the multivariate model
Saudi Arabia	14	30.43	32	69.57	0.316	1.47	0.68–3.18	Not selected in the multivariate model
Australia	116	28.36	293	71.64	*0.048*	*1.63*	*1.00–2.66*	< *0.001*	*0.46*	*0.33–0.62*
United Arab Emirates	32	28.07	82	71.93	0.098	1.66	0.91–3.01	Not selected in the multivariate model
Taiwan, China	12	27.27	32	72.73	0.179	1.73	0.78–3.82
Malaysia	35	22.73	119	77.27	*0.007*	*2.20*	*1.23–3.92*
South Africa	14	22.22	49	77.78	*0.030*	*2.26*	*1.09–4.74*
Indonesia	13	21.67	47	78.33	*0.027*	*2.33*	*1.10–4.97*	0.049	1.99	1.00–3.94
Palestine	18	20.00	72	80.00	*0.006*	*2.59*	*1.32–5.10*	0.011	2.12	1.18–3.79
Mainland China	25	18.52	110	81.48	*0.001*	*2.85*	*1.54–5.27*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Hong Kong, China	30	16.76	149	83.24	< *0.001*	*3.21*	*1.78–5.78*	0.045	1.62	1.01–2.60
Turkey	17	11.56	130	88.44	< *0.001*	*4.94*	*2.54–9.66*	< *0.001*	*3.96*	*20.3–6.95*
Characteristics	BRCS scale				Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	Low resilient copers (score 4–13)		Medium to High resilient copers (score 14–20)		Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
	n	%	n	%	p	ORs	95% CIs	p	AORs	95% CIs
Country/area of residence
Australia (Lowest prevalence category)	240	60	160	40.00		Ref			Ref
United Kingdom	199	59.05	138	40.95	0.794	1.04	0.77–1.39	Not selected in the multivariate model
South Africa	36	57.14	27	42.86	0.668	1.13	0.66–1.93
Hong Kong, China	90	50.56	88	49.44	*0.035*	*1.47*	*1.03–2.10*
Malaysia	76	49.67	77	50.33	*0.029*	*1.52*	*1.04–2.21*
Kuwait	45	47.37	50	52.63	*0.026*	*1.67*	*1.06–2.61*
United Arab Emirates	44	39.64	67	60.36	< *0.001*	*2.28*	*1.49–3.51*
Saudi Arabia	17	36.96	29	63.04	*0.004*	*2.55*	*1.36–4.81*
Pakistan	12	34.29	23	65.71	*0.004*	*2.88*	*1.39–5.94*
Mainland China	41	31.06	91	68.94	< *0.001*	*3.33*	*2.18–5.06*	< *0.001*	*3.15*	*2.04–4.83*
Oman	26	30.95	58	69.05	< *0.001*	*3.35*	*2.02–5.53*	0.018	1.89	1.12–3.19
Palestine	326	28.89	64	71.11	< *0.001*	*3.69*	*2.24–60.1*	*0.001*	*2.34*	*1.41–3.87*
Indonesia	17	28.81	42	71.19	< *0.001*	*3.71*	*2.04–6.74*	*0.003*	*2.67*	*1.38–5.15*
Turkey	31	21.23	115	78.77	< *0.001*	*5.57*	*3.57–8.68*	< *0.001*	*6.59*	*2.43–10.3*
Taiwan, China	9	20.45	35	79.55	< *0.001*	*5.83*	*2.73–12.5*	< *0.001*	*5.85*	*2.63–13.0*
Mexico	53	17.32	253	82.68	< *0.001*	*7.16*	*5.01–10.2*	< *0.001*	*5.42*	*3.85–7.63*

^#stepwise logistic regression method was applied and variables were selected as significant level p < 0.05 in the univariate analyses and p < 0.01 in the multivariate analyses

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