Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from a cross-sectional study

Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Das, Pritimoy; Lam, Louisa; Alif, Sheikh M.; Sultana, Farhana; Salehin, Masudus; Banik, Biswajit; Joseph, Bindu; Parul, Parul; Lewis, Andrew; Statham, Dixie; Porter, Joanne; Foster, Kim; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Cross, Wendy; Jacob, Alycia; Hua, Susan; Wang, Qun; Chair, Sek Ying; Chien, Wai Tong; Widati, Sri; Nurmala, Ira; Puspaningsih, Ni Nyoman Tri; Hammoud, Majeda; Omar, Khatijah; Halim, Muhammad Abi Sofian Abdul; Gamal-Eltrabily, Mohammed; Ortiz, Georgina; Al Maskari, Turkiya Saleh; Al Alawi, Salwa Saleh Mohammed; Al-Rahbi, Badriya Saleh; Arulappan, Judie; Ahmad, Akhlaq; Al Laham, Nahed; Mahmud, Ilias; Alasqah, Ibrahim; Noorbhai, Habib; Chang, Shao-Liang; Chen, Yi-Lung; Comlekci, Mehmet Fatih; Basol, Oguz; Saddik, Basema; Hayman, Rick; Polman, Remco

doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19365-1

Table 5 Predictors for high resilient coping among the study participants (based on the BRCS scale)

From: Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from a cross-sectional study

Characteristics	Low resilient copers (score 4–13)		Medium to High resilient copers (score 14–20)		Unadjusted analyses			Adjusted analyses#
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	p	ORs	95% CIs	p	AORs	95% CIs
Total study participants	962		1317
Age groups
18–29 years	89	40.8	129	59.17		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
30–59 years	791	42.66	1063	57.34	0.603	0.92	0.69–1.23
≥ 60 years	58	35.37	106	64.63	0.278	1.26	0.83–1.92
Gender
Male	331	38.71	524	61.29		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Female	611	43.99	778	56.01	*0.014*	*0.80*	*0.68–0.96*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Highest educational/vocational qualification
Certificate/Diploma/Trade qualifications	112	54.63	93	45.37		Ref			Ref
Bachelors level	216	41.94	299	58.06	*0.002*	*1.67*	*1.20–2.30*	*0.001*	*1.71*	*1.23–2.38*
Masters level	291	39.27	450	60.73	< *0.001*	*1.86*	*1.36–2.54*	< *0.001*	*1.89*	*1.38–2.59*
Doctoral level	334	41.59	469	58.41	*0.001*	*1.69*	*1.24–2.30*	*0.001*	*1.69*	*1.24–2.31*
Duration of work
< 5 years	192	38.71	304	61.29		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
6–10 years	198	41.42	280	58.58	0.388	0.89	0.69–1.15
> 10 years	546	43.51	709	56.49	0.067	0.82	0.66–1.01
Current living status
Live without family members (on your own/shared house)	155	41.67	217	58.33		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Live with family members (spouse/partners/siblings/children)	797	42.42	1082	57.58	0.789	0.97	0.77–1.22	Not selected in the multivariate model
Types of job
Teaching	157	36.43	274	63.57		Ref			Ref
Research	171	39.49	262	60.51	0.353	0.88	0.67–1.16	Not selected in the multivariate model
Admin	427	44.85	525	55.15	*0.003*	*0.70*	*0.56–0.89*	*0.002*	*0.75*	*0.62–0.92*
Leadership	207	44.71	256	55.29	*0.012*	*0.71*	*0.54–0.93*	*0.003*	*0.73*	*0.58–0.92*
Types of appointment
Professional/Admin	390	44.17	493	55.83		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Academic (Teaching and/or Research)	532	41.5	750	58.5	0.217	1.12	0.94–1.33
Leadership	37	33.94	72	66.06	*0.043*	*1.54*	*1.01–2.34*
Levels of appointment
Lecturer	154	46.39	178	53.61		Ref			Ref
Senior Lecturer/Assistant Professor	173	39.41	266	60.59	0.052	1.33	0.99–1.77	*0.043*	*1.26*	*1.01–1.59*
Associate Professor	78	40	117	60	0.154	1.29	0.91–1.86	Not selected in the multivariate model
Professor	64	27.12	172	72.88	< *0.001*	*2.33*	*1.62–3.33*	*0.001*	*2.24*	*1.64–3.05*
Other	452	45	551	54.94	0.675	1.05	0.82–1.35	Not selected in the multivariate model
Not to say	30	52.63	27	47.37	0.384	0.78	0.44–1.37	Not selected in the multivariate model
Current employment condition
Full time	791	42.41	1074	57.59		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Part time	171	41.3	243	58.7	0.68	1.04	0.84–1.29	Not selected in the multivariate model
Self-reported co-morbidities
No	446	36.77	767	63.23		Ref			Ref
Single co-morbidity	263	46.88	298	53.12	< *0.001*	*0.66*	*0.54–0.81*	*0.004*	*0.73*	*0.59–0.91*
Multiple co-morbidities	253	50.1	252	49.39	< *0.001*	*0.58*	*0.47–0.71*	*0.016*	*0.74*	*0.59–0.95*
Self-reported co-morbidities
No	446	36.77	767	63.23		Ref			Ref
Mental health issue	180	63.16	105	36.84	< *0.001*	*0.34*	*0.26–0.44*	< *0.001*	*0.46*	*0.34–0.61*
Other co-morbidity	336	43.02	445	56.98	*0.005*	*0.77*	*0.64–0.93*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Current smoking
Never smoker	754	43.43	982	56.57		Ref			Ref
Ever smoker (Daily, Non-daily, Ex)	208	38.31	335	61.69	*0.035*	*1.24*	*1.02–1.51*	*0.007*	*1.33*	*1.09–1.63*
Increased smoking over the last 6 months
No	27	31.4	59	68.6		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Yes	58	36.25	102	63.75	0.446	0.81	0.46–1.41	Not selected in the multivariate model
Current alcohol drinking
No	450	49.61	457	50.39		Ref			Ref
Yes	512	37.32	860	62.68	< *0.001*	*1.65*	*1.39–1.96*	< *0.001*	*1.61*	*1.35–1.92*
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 6 months
No	370	47.93	402	52.07		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Yes	78	58.65	55	41.32	*0.023*	*0.65*	*0.45–0.94*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Physical activity for at least 30-min in the past week (days)
None	190	40.34	281	59.66		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
1–3 days	464	42.34	632	57.66	0.463	0.92	074–1.14
4–7 days	306	43.1	404	56.9	0.347	0.89	0.70–1.13
Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic
No known exposure to COVID-19	668	44.24	842	55.76		Ref			Ref
Tested positive for COVID-19	293	38.2	474	61.8	*0.006*	*1.28*	*1.07–1.53*	0.040	1.21	1.01–1.46
Symptoms of long COVID
No	645	41.43	912	58.57		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Yes	281	43.7	362	56.3	0.326	0.91	0.76–1.10	Not selected in the multivariate model
Doses of COVID vaccine taken
None	14	26.92	38	73.08		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Double	258	41.75	360	58.25	*0.039*	*0.51*	*0.27–0.97*
Triple or more	687	42.83	917	57.17	*0.025*	*0.49*	*0.26–0.91*
Last checked/measured blood pressure
Never checked blood pressure	88	50.57	86	49.43		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Checked within last 6 months	570	39.86	860	60.14	*0.007*	*1.54*	*1.13–2.12*
Checked > 6 months ago	293	44.73	362	55.27	0.170	1.26	0.90–1.77
Last checked/measured blood lipid profile
Never checked blood lipid profile	338	51.29	321	48.71		Ref			Ref
Checked within last 6 months	280	340.87	523	65.13	< *0.001*	*1.97*	*1.59–2.43*	< *0.001*	*1.86*	*1.51–2.30*
Checked > 6 months ago	330	41.67	462	58.33	< *0.001*	*1.47*	*1.19–1.82*	*0.001*	*1.42*	*1.15–1.76*
Last checked/measured blood sugar
Never checked blood sugar	245	51.15	234	48.385		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Checked within last 6 months	360	37.11	610	62.89	< *0.001*	*1.77*	*1.42–2.21*
Checked > 6 months ago	345	42.65	464	57.35	*0.003*	*1.41*	*1.12–1.77*
Last visited a healthcare provider for general health assessment
Never visited for general health assessment	196	51.31	186	48.69		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Visited within last 6 months	382	38.09	621	61.91	< *0.001*	*1.71*	*1.35–2.17*
Visited > 6 months ago	376	42.82	502	57.18	*0.006*	*1.41*	*1.11–10.8*
Job insecurity (JIS categories)
No (total score 1–3)	783	40.26	1162	59.74		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Yes (total score 4–5)	179	53.59	155	46.41	< *0.001*	*0.58*	*0.46–0.74*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Perceived burnout (Burnout scale categories)
No (score 1–4)	626	38.71	991	61.29		Ref		Not selected in the multivariate model
Yes (score 5–7)	333	50.53	326	49.47	< *0.001*	*0.62*	*0.52–0.74*	Not selected in the multivariate model
Perceived status of own mental health
Poor to Fair	356	68.86	161	31.14		Ref			Ref
Good to Excellent	603	34.3	1155	65.7	< *0.001*	*4.23*	*3.43–5.22*	< *0.001*	*3.36*	*2.69–4.19*
Levels of psychological distress (K10 categories)
Low (total score 10–15)	149	24.19	467	75.81		Ref			Ref
Moderate to Very high (total score 16–50)	813	48.89	850	51.11	< *0.001*	*0.344*	*0.27–0.41*	< *0.001*	*0.47*	*0.38–0.58*

^#stepwise logistic regression method was applied and variables were selected as significant level p < 0.05 in the univariate analyses and p < 0.01 in the multivariate analyses

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