Table 2 Results from meta-analyses using a random effects model

Moore 2019 (Behavioral) [32]

0.026

-0.227, 0.280

13.53

Moore 2019 (Systems) [32]

-0.026

-0.277, 0.225

13.57

Nieder 2013 / Puder 2010 [33]

-0.046

-0.199, 0.108

15.16

Taylor 2015 [35]

0.108

-0.174, 0.389

13.02

Taveras 2015 (CDS) [34]

0.079

-0.123, 0.280

14.44

Taveras 2015 (CDS + coaching) [34]

0.063

-0.145, 0.271

14.33

Bovi (1.1) 2021 (Cohort 1)

0.676

0.109, 1.243

8.06

Bovi (1.2) 2021b (Cohort 2)

1.242

0.664, 1.821

7.89

Test of heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.08; Chi² = 23.05, df = 7; I² = 83.73%

Test for overall effect: Z = 1.56 (P = .11)