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Table 2 Annotation rules and guidelines used to categorize aspects of misinformation

From: Aspect-based classification of vaccine misinformation: a spatiotemporal analysis using Twitter chatter

Annotation Rules and Guidelines

Aspect #1

Vaccine Constituent

Aspect #2

Adverse Effects

• The ingredients of the vaccine are similar to those in many foods – fats, sugars, and salts

• The vaccine includes preservatives, tissues (like aborted fetal cells, antibiotics, food proteins, medicines, latex, or metals

• The mRNA vaccine is not considered a vaccine

• The mRNA vaccine is gene therapy

• This vaccine is gene therapy, not an actual vaccine

• COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use shed or release their components

• The vaccine contains magnetic materials like metals that make the vaccinated area electromagnetic

• The vaccine contains HIV, Ebola, or Botulism

• The vaccine is full of toxic ingredients

• The vaccine can lead to the development of the coronavirus infection

• The vaccine can cause variants of the virus

• The vaccine causes adverse health conditions such as heart attacks

• The vaccine causes adverse allergic reactions

• The vaccine’s adverse can even lead to death

• The vaccine can lead to fainting or passing out

• All events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) are caused by vaccination

• The reproductive system of both males and females may be negatively impacted

• The vaccine can lead to a delay in menstrual cycles, painful cramps, and hormonal imbalance

• The vaccine can cause fertility problems in both genders

People trying to get pregnant should not take the vaccine

• Pregnant females should not take the vaccine

• Breastfeeding mothers should not take the vaccine 

Aspect #3

Agenda

Aspect #4

Efficacy and Clinical Trials

• More than the virus, the vaccine is deadly and can kill people, accounting for depopulation

• The vaccine fits in a plan to kill certain ethnicities or groups of people

• The vaccine is a bioweapon

• The vaccine can cause DNA alteration or is part of gene therapy

• The vaccine has a microchip embedded within it that may be injected into the body

• The microchip is meant to track patient data

• The microchip is meant to control the population

• The vaccine affects fertility in a plan for depopulation

• The vaccine is only meant for profit

• The vaccine clinical trials are not complete

• The clinical trials compromise science

• The vaccines are not adequately tested

• There are no peer-reviews or data to support the efficacy of the vaccine

• Illegal and unproven vaccine

• The vaccine is fast-tracked, experimental, and liability-free

• The vaccine was never tested on humans

• The vaccine is not effective at all

• The vaccine cannot prevent sickness or reduce symptoms

• The vaccine cannot stop or reduce the spread

• The vaccine is not effective with new variants at all

• Human immunity can prevent COVID-19 better than the vaccine