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Table 3 Characteristics associated with food insecurity in bivariate analysis

From: Prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in eight high-altitude cities in Peru during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Food insecurity

No

Yes

p

N (%)

N (%)

Age group

  

0.376*

 Young

320 (62)

197 (38)

 

 Adult/Older adult

120 (66)

63 (34)

 

Sex

  

0.102*

 Male

200 (66)

101 (34)

 

 Female

238 (60)

156 (40)

 

Education level

  

0.141*

 Non-superior

106 (62)

65 (38)

 

 Incomplete higher education

185 (60)

125 (40)

 

 Complete higher education/postgraduate

149 (68)

70 (32)

 

Occupation

  

0.019*

 No

291 (60)

194 (40)

 

 Yes

149 (69)

66 (31)

 

Religion

  

0.548*

 No

54 (60)

36 (40)

 

 Yes

386 (63)

224 (37)

 

Comorbidity history

  

0.125*

 Yes

381 (64)

214 (36)

 

 No

59 (56)

46 (44)

 

COVID-19 diagnosis

  

0.246*

 No

389 (64)

222 (36)

 

 Yes

51 (57)

38 (43)

 

Time at home

  

0.531*

 13–24 h

321 (63)

187 (37)

 

 7–12 h

90 (64)

50 (36)

 

 1–6 h

29 (56)

23 (44)

 

Health perception

  

0.001*

 Bad/Very bad

12 (50)

12 (50)

 

 Fair

106 (53)

94 (47)

 

 Good/Very good

322 (68)

154 (32)

 

Isolation measures taken

  

0.891*

 Yes

374 (63)

220 (37)

 

 No

66 (62)

40 (38)

 

COVID-19 pandemic severity perception

0.669*

 Neutral

44 (65)

24 (35)

 

 Very serious/serious

374 (63)

219 (37)

 

 Overestimated/Really overestimated

22 (56)

17 (44)

 

Previous history of mental health disorder

 

0.009*

 No

410 (64)

227 (36)

 

 Yes

30 (48)

33 (52)

 

Family members with COVID-19

  

0.174*

 No

218 (65)

115 (35)

 

 Yes

222 (60)

145 (40)

 

Family member deceased due to COVID-19

  

0.182*

 No

357 (64)

200 (36)

 

 Yes

83 (58)

60 (42)

 

Search for mental health support

  

0.002*

 No

398 (65)

214 (35)

 

 Yes

42 (48)

46 (52)

 

Loss of employment due to the COVID-19 pandemic

 < 0.001*

 Did not work

243 (65)

131 (35)

 

 Did not lose their job

157 (69)

69 (31)

 

 Did lose their job

40 (40)

60 (60)

 

Anxiety symptoms

  

 < 0.001*

 No

142 (74)

49 (26)

 

 Mild

173 (64)

96 (36)

 

 Moderate

77 (51)

75 (49)

 

 Severe

48 (55)

40 (45)

 

Depressive symptoms

  

 < 0.001*

 Minimum

186 (74)

65 (26)

 

 Mild

130 (62)

79 (38)

 

 Moderate

69 (56)

55 (44)

 

 Moderate to severe

30 (44)

38 (56)

 

 Severe

25 (52)

23 (48)

 

Post-traumatic stress disorder

 

 < 0.001*

 No

392 (66)

202 (34)

 

 Yes

48 (45)

58 (55)

 

Insomnia***

16 (11–21)

19 (15–24)

 < 0.001**

Hypersomnia***

6 (4–8)

6 (5–9)

 < 0.001**

Resilience***

25 (13–31)

24 (13–30)

0.381**

  1. *P-value calculated with the chi-squared test
  2. **P-value calculated with the Mann–Whitney U test
  3. ***Median (min–max value)
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