Table 2 Bivariate analyses of individual and group-level factors with Anemia among married women in Ethiopia
Anemic | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
No% | Yes% | ||
Individual-level Characteristics(n = 9220) | |||
Women’s autonomy | |||
Women’s decision-making power at home | < 0.001 | ||
Low | 50.8 | 24.7* | |
High | 20.0 | 4.5 | |
Socio demographic and economic characteristics | |||
Women’s Age | |||
15–24 | 16.9 | 6.8* | 0.048 |
25–34 | 29.5 | 12.5 | |
35–49 | 24.4 | 9.9 | |
Women’s age at first Marriage | < 0.001 | ||
< 16 | 25.0 | 10.8* | |
16–20 | 31.3 | 13.4 | |
> 20 | 14.5 | 5.0 | |
Religion | < 0.001 | ||
Orthodox | 32.2 | 7.5* | |
Protestant | 12.9 | 5.4 | |
Muslim | 24.4 | 15.9 | |
Others | 1.35 | 0.4 | |
Women’s education level | < 0.001 | ||
No Education | 32.2 | 16.8* | |
Primary | 22.8 | 7.9 | |
Secondary | 9.8 | 3.0 | |
Higher | 6.0 | 1.4 | |
Education level of husband or partner | 0.003 | ||
No education | 27.64 | 15.2* | |
Primary | 23.4 | 8.6 | |
Secondary | 10.0 | 3.6 | |
Higher | 8.5 | 2.4 | |
Women’s employment | < 0.001 | ||
No | 44.0 | 20.7* | |
Yes | 26.9 | 8.5 | |
Currently pregnant | < 0.001 | ||
No | 65.15 | 25.7* | |
Yes | 5.7 | 3.4 | |
Currently breastfeeding | < 0.001 | ||
No | 47.3 | 18.5* | |
Yes | 23.5 | 10.7 | |
Currently amenorrheic | < 0.001 | ||
No | 56.5 | 22.0 | |
Yes | 14.3 | 7.2 | |
Number of children ever born | < 0.001 | ||
0 | 8.5 | 2.2* | |
1–2 | 24.5 | 8.3 | |
3–4 | 15.9 | 6.9 | |
5+ | 22.0 | 11.8 | |
Current use of contraceptive | < 0.001 | ||
No | 43.55 | 22.8* | |
Yes | 27.3 | 6.4 | |
Women ever chewed Chat | 0.064 | ||
No | 63.3 | 26.0 | |
Yes | 7.5 | 3.2 | |
Wealth Index | < 0.001 | ||
Poor | 23.6 | 14.8* | |
Non-Poor | 47.2 | 14.4 | |
History of terminated pregnancy | 0.039 | ||
No | 63.9 | 26.5 | |
Yes | 6.9 | 2.7 | |
Women’s BMI | < 0.001 | ||
< 18.5(underweight) | 13.01 | 7.4* | |
18.5–24.9(normal weight) | 46.5 | 18.0 | |
≥ 25(overweight) | 11.3 | 3.8 | |
Health care access | |||
Covered by health insurance | < 0.001 | ||
No | 67.2 | 28.4* | |
Yes | 3.6 | 0.8 | |
Visiting health facility in the last 12 | < 0.001 | ||
No | 35.15 | 16.5* | |
Yes | 35.7 | 12.7 | |
Community-level characteristics | |||
Place of residence | |||
Urban | 26.6 | 7.5* | |
Rural | 44.2 | 21.7 | |
% of women with high decision-making autonomy | |||
Low | 17.5 | 14.3* | < 0.001 |
Medium | 18.2 | 6.2 | |
High | 35.1 | 8.7 | |
% women with higher education | < 0.001 | ||
Low | 22.0 | 12.5* | |
Medium | 30.3 | 9.9 | |
High | 18.5 | 6.7 | |
% of women with non-poor wealth index | < 0.001 | ||
Low | 15.2 | 11.5* | |
Medium | 20.9 | 7.9 | |
High | 34.8 | 9.8 | |
% women who chewed chat | 0.347 | ||
Low | 47.6 | 19.9 | |
High | 23.2 | 9.3 | |