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Table 1 Health consequences depicted in HWLs in the alcohol and food studies for the different health consequences used for the Alcohol and Food studies.

From: Image-and-text health warning labels on alcohol and food: potential effectiveness and acceptability

Health consequencesa

Alcohol Study

“Alcohol causes …”

Food Study

“Excess calories cause obesity, which causes) …”

Non-specified cancer

 

X

Bowel cancer

X

X

Breast cancer

X

 

Liver cancer

X

 

7 types of cancer

X

 

13 types of cancer

 

X

Heart disease

X

X

Liver disease

X

 

Liver cirrhosis

X

 

Type 2 diabetes

 

X

Obesityb

 

X

  1. aThree HWLs with different images were used for each health consequence.
  2. bThe text read ‘Excess calories cause obesity’ without the additional clause.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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