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Table 6 Hygiene behaviour and hygiene conditions [N = 1427]

From: Association of nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene practices with children’s nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoea in rural Nepal: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Total [n (%)]

Surkhet A [n (%)]

Surkhet B [n (%)]

Dailekh [n (%)]

Accham [n (%)]

P-value*

Selected KAPa indicators on hygiene

 Handwashing times

  <5 times

408 (28.6)

102 (29.3)

64 (17.5)

101 (28.4)

141 (39.4)

<0.001

  5-10 times

935 (65.5)

225 (64.7)

251 (68.8)

251 (70.5)

208 (58.1)

 

  10-15 times

61 (4.3)

18 (5.2)

31 (8.5)

4 (1.1)

8 (2.2)

 

  > 15 times

23 (1.6)

3 (0.9)

19 (5.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

 

 Handwashing with soap

  <5 times

1084 (76.0)

267 (76.7)

244 (66.8)

278 (78.1)

295 (82.4)

<0.001

  5-10 times

337 (23.6)

79 (22.7)

118 (32.3)

78 (21.9)

62 (17.3)

 

  10-15 times

5 (0.3)

2 (0.6)

2 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

 

  > 15 times

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Handwashingb

  When they look dirty

862 (60.4)

224 (64.4)

254 (70.0)

172 (48.3)

212 (59.2)

<0.001

  After going toilet

1402 (98.2)

342 (98.3)

356 (97.5)

354 (99.4)

350 (97.8)

0.21

  After cleaning baby’s bottom

834 (58.4)

170 (48.8)

225 (61.6)

236 (66.3)

203 (56.7)

<0.001

  Before eating

1039 (72.8)

259 (74.4)

298 (81.6)

295 (82.9)

187 (52.2)

<0.001

  Before cooking

572 (40.1)

170 (48.8)

146 (40.0)

142 (39.9)

114 (31.8)

<0.001

  There are not special occasions

2 (0.14)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0.58

  Do not know

3 (0.21)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0.29

 Types of latrines used

  Water pit latrine

1200 (84.1)

322 (92.5)

252 (69.0)

315 (88.5)

311 (86.9)

<0.001

  Simple pit latrine

137 (9.6)

12 (3.5)

93 (25.5)

22 (6.2)

10 (2.8)

 

  No latrine

90 (6.3)

14 (4.0)

20 (5.5)

19 (5.3)

37 (10.3)

 

 Animalc kept inside the household overnight

851 (59.7)

162 (46.5)

174 (47.8)

190 (53.4)

325 (90.8)

<0.001

 Hygiene condition of latrine (observation)d

  Lower category

695 (48.7)

213 (61.2)

200 (54.8)

166 (46.6)

116 (32.4)

<0.001

  Intermediate category

390 (27.3)

86 (24.7)

54 (14.8)

130 (36.5)

120 (33.5)

 

  High category

342 (24.0)

49 (14.1)

111 (30.4)

60 (16.9)

122 (34.1)

 

 Hygiene condition of handwashing facilities (observation)e

  Lower category

289 (50.5)

87 (39.9)

148 (67.0)

43 (43.9)

11 (31.4)

<0.001

  Intermediate category

97 (17.0)

45 (20.6)

25 (11.3)

22 (22.4)

5 (14.3)

 

  High category

186 (32.5)

86 (39.5)

48 (21.7)

33 (33.7)

19 (54.3)

 

 Hygiene condition of household environment (observation)f

  Lower category

289 (50.5)

87 (39.9)

148 (67.0)

43 (43.9)

11 (31.4)

<0.001

  Intermediate category

97 (17.0)

45 (20.6)

25 (11.3)

22 (22.4)

5 (14.3)

 

  High category

186 (39.5)

86 (39.5)

48 (21.7)

33 (33.7)

19 (54.3)

 

 Hygiene condition of kitchen (observation)g

  Lower category

481 (33.7)

187 (53.7)

174 (47.7)

75 (21.1)

45 (12.6)

<0.001

  Intermediate category

637 (44.6)

128 (36.8)

120 (32.9)

206 (57.9)

183 (51.1)

 

  High category

309 (21.6)

33 (9.5)

71 (19.4)

75 (21.1)

130 (36.3)

 

 Personal hygiene of participating child and their caregivers (observation)h

  Lower category

611 (42.8)

153 (44.0)

210 (57.5)

167 (46.9)

81 (22.6)

<0.001

  Intermediate category

424 (29.7)

92 (26.4)

72 (19.7)

130 (36.5)

130 (36.3)

 

  High category

392 (27.5)

103 (29.6)

83 (22.7)

59 (16.6)

147 (41.1)

 

 Information received on WASHi promotion

  Received any information on water treatment and hygienej

155 (10.9)

105 (30.2)

13 (3.6)

19 (5.3)

18 (5.0)

<0.001

  Information on water treatment and hygiene changed behaviour

139 (89.7)

95 (90.5)

10 (76.9)

17 (89.5)

17 (94.4)

0.42

 Behaviours that changed after receiving information on water treatment and hygienek

  "I purchased a product for water treatment"

16 (1.1)

5 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

9 (2.5)

2 (0.6)

<0.001

  "I am now regularly treating water"

32 (2.2)

20 (5.8)

2 (0.5)

9 (2.5)

1 (0.3)

<0.001

  "I am now sometimes treating water"

27 (1.9)

23 (6.6)

1 (0.3)

2 (0.6)

1 (0.3)

<0.001

  "I installed a handwashing station"

35 (2.4)

24 (6.9)

2 (0.8)

3 (0.8)

3 (0.8)

<0.001

  "I do wash my hands more often"

36 (2.5)

23 (6.6)

3 (0.8)

4 (1.1)

6 (1.7)

<0.001

  "I use soap to wash my hands more often"

90 (6.3)

63 (18.1)

6 (1.6)

15 (4.2)

6 (1.7)

<0.001

  "I wash my hands at the critical times"

65 (4.6)

51 (14.7)

6 (1.6)

6 (1.7)

2 (0.6)

<0.001

  "I regularly disinfect the water storage container with chlorine"

17 (1.2)

15 (4.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

1 (0.3)

<0.001

  "I regularly wash the water storage container with soap"

21 (1.5)

18 (5.2)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

  "Other behaviour changed"

2 (0.1)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0.56

 Household attended hygiene literacy classl

362 (25.4)

98 (28.2)

87 (23.8)

75 (21.1)

102 (28.5)

0.07

 FCHVsm or other health workers visited household

537 (37.6)

131 (37.6)

115 (31.5)

123 (34.5)

168 (46.9)

<0.001

 Total times FCHVs/other health workers visited the household

  Once

468 (87.1)

102 (77.9)

99 (86.1)

112 (91.1)

155 (92.3)

<0.001

  Twice

60 (11.2)

28 (21.4)

8 (7.0)

11 (8.9)

13 (7.7)

 

  Trice

3 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

3 (2.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  Four times

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  Don`t remember

5 (0.9)

1 (0.8)

4 (3.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Effectiveness: HLCn or door to door visit

  Hygiene literacy class (HLC)

73 (23.0)

19 (25.0)

2 (2.5)

8 (11.9)

44 (45.8)

<0.001

  Door to door visit

166 (52.2)

48 (63.2)

45 (57.0)

53 (79.1)

20 (20.8)

 

  Both

79 (24.8)

9 (11.8)

32 (40.5)

6 (9.0)

32 (33.3)

 
  1. a Knowledge, attitude and practice
  2. b Multiple responses possible for the occasions of handwashing
  3. c Animals refers to any domestic animals such as chicken, goats, dogs, cats, cows, buffalos etc
  4. d A new variable for the observed hygiene condition of the toilet was created using factor analysis with conceptually similar categorical variables: (i) is the toilet clean; and (ii) are these materials available (sandals, drum with water, brush, none of these). The condition of toilet was then categorised into three categories with lower, intermediate and high hygiene category
  5. e A new variable for the observed hygiene condition of the handwashing facilities was created using factor analysis with four conceptually similar categorical variables: (i) are handwashing facilities in good condition; and (ii) are handwashing facilities clean (iii) is soap available (iv) is water available. The condition of handwashing facility was then categorised into three categories with lower, intermediate and high hygiene category
  6. f A new variable for the observed hygiene of the household environment condition was created using factor analysis with three conceptually similar categorical variables: (i) can you see trash spread outside the house; (ii) does the household have a garbage pit to dispose garbage (iii) can you see trash spread inside the house? The condition of household environment was then categorised into three categories with lower, middle and better hygiene
  7. g A new variable for the observed hygiene of the kitchen hygiene condition was created using factor analysis with four conceptually similar categorical variables: (i) are clean dishes kept high; (ii) is the entirety of food covered (iii) is there a rack to dry your utensils and dishes after washing and (iv) is there a significant number of flies in the kitchen (>10). The kitchen hygiene was then categorised into three categories with lower, intermediate and high hygiene category
  8. h A new variable for the observed personal hygiene of the caregiver and the participating child was created using factor analysis with four conceptually similar categorical variables of: (i) wearing shoes; (ii) hands are clean (iii) piles of dirty clothes lying around in the house. The personal hygiene was then categorised into three categories with lower, intermediate and high hygiene category
  9. i Water, sanitation and hygiene
  10. j Information from Helvetas (local INGO) or other organizations
  11. k Multiple responses possible
  12. l Hygiene literacy class conducted by female community health volunteers or other health workers
  13. m FCHVs Female community health volunteers
  14. n HLC Hygiene literacy class
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