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Table 3 Univariable and multivariable associations between sociodemographic factors and awareness of HIV self-testing in Malawi and Zimbabwe, 2015–16

From: Use and awareness of and willingness to self-test for HIV: an analysis of cross-sectional population-based surveys in Malawi and Zimbabwe

Variables

Univariable (weighted)

N = 24,683a

Multivariable (weighted)

N = 24,668a

OR

95% CI and

p-value

aOR

95% CI and

p-value

Country

 Zimbabwe

1

 

1

 

 Malawi

0.76

0.67–0.87

0.82

0.70–0.94

Sex

 Female

1

 

1

 

 Male

1.73

1.54–1.92

1.55

1.37–1.75

Age

 15–19

1

p < 0.001§

1

p < 0.001§

 20–24

1.79

1.50–2.12

1.35

1.12–1.62

 25–29

2.52

2.11–3.00

1.76

1.43–2.17

 30–34

2.44

2.02–2.94

1.66

1.32–2.08

 35–39

2.46

2.04–2.97

1.69

1.34–2.12

 40–44

2.09

1.70–2.55

1.45

1.14–1.86

 45+

2.00

1.64–2.46

1.31

1.04–1.66

Residence

 Urban

1

 

1

 

 Rural

0.33

0.29–0.39

0.64

0.55–0.77

Ever tested

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

2.18

1.94–2.45

1.89

1.65–2.17

HIV status

 HIV negative

1

 

1

 

 HIV positive

1.12

0.95–1.31

0.89

0.75–1.06

Marital status

 Single

1

 

1

 

 Married or cohabiting

1.26

1.13–1.39

b

b

Wealth

 Poorest

1

p < 0.001§

1

p < 0.001§

 Poor

1.26

1.04–1.53

1.24

1.02–1.51

 Middle

1.26

1.03–1.53

1.25

1.02–1.53

 Rich

1.87

1.53–2.28

1.49

1.20–1.84

 Richest

4.30

3.54–5.22

3.03

2.46–3.73

Employment

 Not actively working

1

 

1

 

 Actively working

1.63

1.47–1.82

1.25

1.12–1.42

Education

  ≤ Primary

1

 

1

 

  ≥ Secondary education

2.69

2.38–3.04

b

b

Literacy

 Illiterate

1

 

1

 

 Literate

1.84

1.59–2.12

1.17

1.01–1.36

HIV riskc

 Low risk

1

p < 0.001§

1

p < 0.518

 Moderate risk

1.37

1.24–1.53

1.03

0.90–1.17

 High risk

1.75

1.51–2.03

1.10

0.93–1.31

  1. a Both samples were weighted based on standard Demographic and Health Survey weights; Strata = 56; PSU = 1256. Not all participants were systematically surveyed on self-testing questions. Out of 31,385 people surveyed, 24,683 were asked about self-testing, resulting in a smaller sample size. Among those reporting on HIV self-testing, 15 did not provide information on sexual activity and HIV risk. Population size asked about awareness or ever self-testing for HIV: 24668 (HIV risk), 24,668 (sexual activity)
  2. b Represents variables that were not included in the multivariable analysis due to identified collinearity
  3. c HIV risk as defined in this analysis includes reported sexual activity in the past four weeks, and the following high-risk exposures in the previous 12 months: multiple (i.e. ≥2) partners, any paid sex (asked to men), having received gifts, cash or other compensation in exchange for sex (asked to women), and having a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Individuals with any “high-risk” exposures were classified as “high-risk”, with the remaining respondents classified as “low risk” if reporting no sexually activity in the past four weeks, and as “moderate risk” otherwise
  4. §P-value based on the Wald test. P-values for variables with more than two categories are shown
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BMC Public Health

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